“For the due fertilization of the common Barberry, it is necessary that its irritable stamens should be brought into contact with the pistil, by the application of some stimulus to the base of the filament; but this would never take place were not insects attracted, by the melliferous glands of the flower, to insinuate themselves amongst the filaments, and thus, while seeking their own food, unknowingly to fulfil the intentions of Nature in another department.” In some cases the agency of the hive-bee is inadequate to produce the required end; in these the humble-bee is the operator: these alone, as Sprengel has observed, are strong enough for instance, to force their way beneath the style-flag of the Iris Xiphium, which in consequence is often barren. Other insects besides bees are instrumental in producing the same ends; indeed they are necessary instruments: and hence according to the same naturalist, in some places, where the particular insect required is not to be met with, no fruit is formed upon the plant which is usually visited by it, where it is indigenous; for he supposes that some plants have particular insects appropriated to them. The American Aristolochia Sipho, though it flowers plentifully, never forms fruit in our gardens, probably for the reason just assigned. The Date Palm affords a striking instance of the necessity of extraneous intervention to perfect fructification; male and female flowers are borne on separate trees, and unless the two sorts be in the neighbourhood of each other, the fruit has no kernel and is not proper for food. There was a tree of this kind, bearing female flowers, at Berlin, for the fructification of which, a branch, with male flowers upon it, was once sent by post from Leipsic, (20 German miles,) and being suspended over some of the pistils, the tree afterwards yielded fruit and seed in abundance. Professor Willdenow has stated a very curious circumstance, concerning the Aristolochia Clematitis. He observes that the stamens and pistils of the flower are inclosed in its globular base, the anthers being under the stigma, which thereby requires the intervention of an insect, to convey the pollen to it. The Tipula pennicornis accomplishes this object; it enters the flower by its tubular part, which is thickly lined with inflected hairs, so as readily to admit the fly, but totally to prevent its release, till by the fading of the corolla the hairs have fallen flat against its sides. Hence the insect in struggling to effect its escape, brushes off the pollen and applies it to the stigma, thereby accomplishing the fertilization of the flower.

[INDEX.]

Page.
Anatomy of the bee[249]
The head[251]
The proboscis[ib.]
lips[253]
tongue[ib.]
pharynx[254]
œsophagus or gullet[ib.]
mandibles[255]
maxillæ[ib.]
antenna[255], [292], [307]
palpi[256], [308]
eyes[256]
The trunk[250], [256]
The wings[256]
legs[257]
The abdomen[251], [258]
The honey-bag[258]
venom-bag[ib.]
anus[ib.]
ovipositor[ib.]
sting[ib.]
organs of reproduction[ib.]
Anger of bees[288]
not apt to be excited at a distance from home[290]
fatal consequences of[288]
Animation of bees suspended[202]
Antennæ[255], [292], [307]
effects of their excision[309]
organs for communicating information[292]
for receiving meteorological intelligence[ib.]
Antipathies of bees[303]
Ants, anecdotes respecting[183], [205]
(Amazon) anecdote of[323]
enslaved[324]
their milch cattle[74]
white, wonderful fertility of[40]
Aphides[72]
principal source of honey-dew[ib.]
their willing subserviency to bees and ants[75]
wonderful fertility of[32]
Apiary[48]
best aspect for[ib.]
Bonner’s[51]
circumstances to be avoided in[48]
to be desired in[ib.]
Apparatus for deprivation[107]
Architecture of bees[339]
commencement and progress of a comb first observed by Huber[340]
construction of a cell[340]
of cells of transition[353]
of drone-cells[350]
of royal-cells[351]
geometrical accuracy of cell-work[342]
demonstrated by Maraldi, Kœnig, and McLaurin[346]
honey-comb, description of[352]
varnish for strengthening cell-work[344]
Armour of defence against bees, &c.[175]
Aurelia. Vide [Pupa].
Bee, honey, comprises three descriptions of individuals[1]
Bee, anatomy of. Vide [Anatomy].
Bee-boxes[83]
compared with hives[100]
dimensions of[83]
Dunbar’s[102]
observations therein[103]
history of[109]
Huber’s[102]
Hunter’s[ib.]
materials for, best[83]
Gedde’s[111]
Hartlib’s[110]
Mew’s[ib.]
Reaumur’s[102]
Thorley’s[111]
Warder’s[ib.]
White’s[ib.]
centre-boards[88]
floor boards[87]
reference to venders of[89]
Bee bread[9], [371]
dress[175]
eater of Selborne[337]
flowers. Vide [Pasturage].
house[52]
shed[99]
Bees, adherence of to life[202]
anger of[288]
protection against[177]
animation of, suspended[201]
antipathies of[303]
attachment to queen[140]
ballasting themselves (erroneous)[48]
black[7]
brooding (erroneous)[6]
build combs sometimes under resting boards[125]
their contests with each other[289]
by single combat[ib.]
by general engagement[ib.]
corsair[207]
death, sudden, from effluvia of Rhus Vernix[197]
diseases of. Vide [Diseases of Bees].
drone. Vide [Drones].
duration, extraordinary, of a colony[298]
education of[260]
embryo[10]
development of, affected by temperature[14]
enemies of. Vide [Enemies of Bees].
evolution of ab ovo[10]
excursions of[377]
exotic. Vide [Exotic Bees].
excrement of[188], [194]
fructifiers of flowers. Vide [Fructification of Flowers].
generation, absurd theory of[35], [48]
harvest season of[119]
impatient of cold[114]
indisposition to ascend with their works[112]
instincts of. Vide [Instincts of Bees].
intellect of[319]
intoxicated sometimes[60]
language of. Vide [Language of Bees].
longevity of[296]
mode of approaching[177]
mortality of, extraordinary in 1762[186]
numbers in a hive[3]
number of stocks in some situations[234], [235]
nymph[12]
origin, ancient notion of [48]
overstocking of[235]
perspiration of[273]
poison of[286]
in the pupa state[12]
purchase of[80]
queen. Vide [Queen].
regurgitating power of[229]
removal from hives to boxes[148]
respiration of[266]
scouts. Vide [Providers].
secretions of[273]
senses of. Vide [Senses].
sexes of[20]
sleep of[295]
stinging of[284]
stingless[210]
stock, criterions of a good one[81]
suffocation of[174]
sulphuring of[ib.]
swarming of. Vide [Swarming of Bees].
swarming, not apt to sting [138]
striking instance of it [139]
of the contrary[ib.]
transportation of. Vide [Transportation].
wax[220]
average quantity in a hive[221]
criterions of good [220]
difference from myrtle wax[224]
annual consumption of[222]
secretion of, promoted by electricity[232]
separation of from honey [216]
source and nature of. Vide [Source and Nature of Bees-wax].
white[221]
working[3]
collectors from birth [15]
compared with drones [5]
destroy the drones[44]
fertile sometimes [23]
office of [3]
sex of[3], [24]
Cuvier’s remarks on[24]
Jurine’s dissections of[ib.]
usual number in a hive [3]
Braggot, or common mead [245]
Breeding, commencement of [37]
signs of [118]
early, to promote [119]
Hubbard’s opinion of [117]
Cells, construction of. Vide [Architecture].
Chrysalis. Vide [Pupa].
Circulation [271]
Clustering [123]
Cocoons[11], [12]
Cold, effect of on bees [117]
in diminishing the consumption of honey [185]
Combs, construction of [340]
constructed sometimes under resting-boards [125]
Comparative advantages of storifying and single-hiving [122]
of wooden boxes and straw-hives [100]
Deprivation [162]
to be exercised cautiously [163]
possible accident at the time of [165]
modes of performing[167]
Isaac’s[170]
Keys’s[170]
Dovaston’s[171]
Evans’s[172]
proper periods for[162]
Diseases of bees[184]
Dysentery[188]
Vertigo[189]
Tumefaction of Antennæ[192]
Pestilence or Faux Couvain[ib.]
probable causes of[ib.]
remedies[ib.]
preventive[195]
review of different theories of[ib.]
Dividers and other implements[107]
their use in deprivation [167]
Drones, their use[5], [30]
evolution of ab ovo[14]
massacre of [43]
how effected [44]
not found in all swarms[4]
number usual in a hive [3]
occasional preservation of[44]
sitting upon the eggs [6]
opinion of Mr. Morris[ib.]
of Fabricius[ib.]
of Kirby and Spence[ib.]
Dunbar’s observations in his mirror-hive[8], [21]
Eggs—drone, royal, worker [8]
first laying of[37]
great laying of[116]
misplaced, devoured by workers[42]
number of, laid in a given period[39], [40]
period at which each sort is laid[37]
transportation, opinion of[42]
worker, may be rendered royal[19]
Electricity, effect on secretion of wax and honey[232]
Enemies of bees[199]
protection against[203]
Excrement of bees[188], [194]
Exotic bees[210]
their honey-cells[ib.]
of Guadaloupe[ib.]
Guiana[211]
India[ib.]
South America[ib.]
Basil Hall’s Account[ib.]
Eye of the bee, peculiar construction of. Vide [Senses].[312]
Farina[370]
collecting of[371]
time of[372]
confined to one species of flower on each journey[373]
Reaumur’s opinion[ib.]
Dobbs, Butler and Sprengel’s[373], [374]
conveyance of[372]
food of larvæ, and not the constituent of wax[371]
fructifying power of [370]
preparation of for use [371]
source of[370]
storing of [373]
structure of[370]
Fading [179]
importance of[193]
syrup for[ib.]
modes of[ib.]
times of[152]
Fermentation, conduct of [240]
Fertility of insects[32], [40]
Flies in Madeira wine[201]
Fly, flesh, erroneous judgement respecting[306]
Food of larvæ[10]
Fructification of flowers[380]
instrumentality of bees to that end[ib.]
bees attracted to flowers by their nectar[ib.]
accused by Dr. Darwin of injuring flowers[ib.]
defended by Dr. Evans[ib.]
Opinion of Sir J. E. Smith[382]
of Sprengel[383]
not the only insects that promote fructification[ib.]
in the Barberry for instance, the Iris Xiphium, the Aristolochia Sipho of America, the A. Clematitis, and the Date Palm[ib.]
Hawk-moth, Death’s Head[208]
ravages committed by it in the apiary[ib.]
resources of the bees[ib.]
Hearing, sense of. Vide [Sensation, organs of]; and [Senses].
Hives [95]
Chelmsford and Hertford [96]
compared with boxes [100]
construction of, best [97]
dimensions of [96]
distances at which they should stand from each other [49]
Dunbar’s [102]
his observations therein [103]
heat occasional in [39]
usual in[ib.]
materials proper for[95]
leaf [102]
Moreton [96]
Huber’s [91]
Huish’s [90]
preparation of[137]
Reaumur’s [93]
situation proper for [49]
straw [96]
Thorley’s [92]
Wildman’s [93]
with glasses[ib.]
Hiving of swarms [136]
Super- and Nadir-[124], [151]
Honey [226]
analysis of [233]
animalization of [227]
candying of [196]
contrivances of bees to keep it in open cells [228]
Corsican, not mulcted by the Romans [63]
criterions of good [232]
deleterious[65], [190], [230]
flavour affected by pasturage[65], [229]
by season[232]
by mode of separation[ib.]
harvests of [165]
preservation of[233]
qualities of [231]
quantity required for winter consumption [162]
average afforded by a colony[226]
sometimes taken[ib.]
secretion of, promoted by electricity[232]
separation of, from wax [216]
taken by means of dividers [167]
Honeycomb[339]
Honey-dew [71]
ancient opinions of [71]
modern ditto [72]
Gilbert White’s[71]
Dr. Evans’s[72]
Dr. Darwin’s[ib.]
Mr. Curtis’s[ib.]
Sir J. E. Smith’s [73]
Boissier de Sauvages’s[79]
trees addicted to it [77]
yields a great harvest to the storifyer [78]
Humble-bees[207], [209], [319], [327]
Humming, causes of[270]
Idiot bee-eater[337]
Imago[13]
Implements, bee[107]
Impregnation. Vide [Queen].
Instinct [318]
definition of [335]
most remarkable in creatures that congregate [318]
of humble-bees[ib.]
all the phænomena of insect life not referable to it [322]
Darwin’s opinion [323]
Hunter’s [330]
Virey’s [331]
Des Cartes’[ib.]
Buffon’s[ib.]
circumstance noticed by Dr. Evans[325]
by Mr. Walond [236]
Huber’s humble-bees [327]
Amazon ants [323]
bee fortifications [328]
anecdote of a beetle [330]
Instinct may be directed by intellect [333]
modified and counteracted by intellect[ib.]
instanced in birds’ nests[ib.]
in Sir J. Banks’s spider [332]
in dogs [333]
Maraldi’s Slug[320]
Reaumur’s Snail319
Reimar’s opinion of memory [333]
weakened by domestication[336]
strengthened by concentration[ib.]
Intellect of bees[319]
capable of modifying and counteracting instinct[333]
capable of directing instinct[ib.]
Jelly, royal [20]
Jurine, Miss, dissections of[24]
Knowledge distinguished from Wisdom[334]
Language of bees[291]
Mr. Knight’s opinion[ib.]
M. Huber’s[ib.]
his experiments[ib.]
Larvæ [10]
food of[ib.]
progressive growth of [12]
motions of[15]
voraciousness of[12]
inclosure or sealing up of[11]
commencement of spinning cocoon[ib.]
worker may become royal[19]
Leaf-hives[102]
Dunbar’s[103]
Huber’s[105]
Hunter’s[102]
Reaumur’s[ib.]
Leaven, artificial[242]
natural[240], [242]
Locusts, female, destroyed by males[46]
Longevity of bees[296]
extraordinary duration of a colony[298]
Mead, antiquity of[236]
Braggot, or common [245]
directions for making[244]
esteemed by our ancestors[237]
ideal nectar of the Scandinavians[ib.]
Memory of bees[260], [314]
Reimar’s opinion[333]
Metys[378]
Mortality among bees and wasps[186]
Moth-wax[199]
eggar, anecdote of[306]
hawk. Vide [Hawk-moth].
Motions of insects[274]
instances of extraordinary power of[275]
Nadir-hiving[124], [151]
Nutrition[272]
Nymph[12]
resemblance to a mummy[13]
Palpi[256]
Pasturage[55]
effect on the flavour of honey[66], [230]
ancient opinion of[65]
Barthelemy’s[ib.]
Duppa’s[230]
noxious[67], [230]
Xenophon’s opinion of[67]
Tournefort’s[ib.]
Darwin’s opinion of[68]
Barton’s[68], [231]
Pellets, moulding of[372]
Perspiration [273]
Pissoceros [378]
Poison of Bees [286]
its nature[ib.]
crystallizes in drying[ib.]
Pollen. Vide [Farina].
Propolis [375]
analysis of[ib.]
mode of conveying [376]
source of[ib.]
Huber’s experiments[ib.]
Evans’s observations [377]
Knight’s [378]
form of its pellets [377]
variously compounded with wax [378]
time of gathering [379]
uses of [375]
substitutes sometimes used for[378]
Reaumur’s experiment[ib.]
Providers, or Scouts [131]
Warder’s opinion of[132]
Butler’s[ib.]
Knight’s[ib.]
Evans’s[ib.]
Duchet’s[ib.]
Reaumur’s[ib.]
Buffon’s[ib.]
Bonnet’s[ib.]
Huber’s[ib.]
Bonner’s[135]
Pupa[12]
resemblance of to a mummy [13]
Queen-bees, artificial [20]
discovery attributed to Schirach[ib.]
said to have been long known [20]
opinions of Vogel and Monticelli[ib.]
experiment of Dunbar [22]
not mute as Huber supposed[23]
attachment of workers to [141]
enmity towards, and combats with each other [281]
evolution of ab ovo[14]
homage paid to[144]
impregnation of[25]
opinions concerning[ib.]
Bonner’s [28]
Bonnet’s [29]
Butler’s[36]
Debraw’s[27]
Dobbs’s[26]
Fleming’s [32]
Hattorf’s[28]
Huber’s[27], et seq.
Huish’s[27]
Hunter’s[30], [33]
Linnæus’s [33]
Lombard’s[29]
Maraldi’s[26]
Reaumur’s[26]
Schirach’s[28]
Swammerdam’s[25]
Wildman’s[36]
objections to Huber’s theory[ib.]
impregnation retarded[37], [41]
intercourse with drones[30], et seq.
probable duration of fertilizing influence[31]
laying, commencement of [37]
affected by temperature[ib.]
loss of, its consequences[144]
mode of depositing eggs[8]
mode of searching for when a stock has been suffocated [174]
mutilated, lose their instincts [309]
prescience (supposed) of [118]
prisoners when very young [17]
reason of this[ib.]
virgin, when first seek the drones[34]
voice of, authoritative [128]
when imprisoned [19]
Reason, human, definition of [335]
insect, definition of[ib.]
presumptive evidence of [322]
difference between human and insect [335]
observations of Reid [356]
of Evans[ib.]
Regurgitating power of bees [229]
Reimar’s opinion of memory [333]
Reproduction, organs of [275]
ovaries [276]
oviducts[ib.]
ovipositor [277]
sperm-reservoir[ib.]
Respiration, organs of [266]
evidences of their existence [267]
stigmata, spiracles or breathing pores [266]
tracheæ[ib.]
Riem’s discovery [3]
Salt, of use to bees [186]
Schirach’s discovery [20]
Scouts. Vide [Providers].
Secretions of bees[273]
Sensation of bees[258]
medium of its communication[259]
its seat[ib.]
bees have a common sensorium[ib.]
evidences of it[ib.]
protracted vitality[ib.]
memory [260]
instances of[ib.]
Reimar’s opinion of[333]
susceptible of instruction[261]
instances of[ib.]
organs of[258]
antennæ[262]
opinions of their offices[ib.]
facts in support of them[263]
palpi[ib.]
uses ascribed to[ib.]
Senses of bees[302]
smell[ib.]
instances of its acuteness[303], et seq.
touch[307]
analogy from ants[291]
taste[309]
hearing[310]
evidences of[ib.]
sight[311]
not very perfect[ib.]
Dr. Virey’s theory[316]
Sensorium[259]
Separation of wax and honey[216]
Shed for bees [99]
Sleep of bees[295]
Source of bees-wax[356]
Source and nature of bees-wax; pollen formerly supposed to be the prime constituent of it [356]
striking difference between them[ib.]
wax proved to be a secretion from the body of the bee[362]
experiments and observations of Huber, Thorley, Duchet, Wildman, Hunter and Evans[362], et seq.
regular division of labour[367]
hence wax-working and nursing-bees[ib.]
experiment to show the designation of pollen[ib.]
other sources of wax[368]
Sphinx Atropos. Vide [Hawk-moth].
Spider, anecdotes of[261]
fertilization of[31]
Sir Joseph Banks’s[332]
Stemmata[315]
experiments of Swammerdam, Reaumur, &c.[315]
Sting of working-bee[277]
fatal consequences attending its use[278], [283]
not apt to be used when the bee is distant from home [289]
of queen-bee[279]
her cautious use of it[286]
compared with sharp instruments[ib.]
Stinging, remedies for[284]
precautions against, when attacked[285]
Storifying[109]
will not always prevent swarming[124]
compared with single-hiving[122]
Suffocating or sulphuring of bees[174]
Sugar an excellent substitute for honey[360]
Super-hiving[124], 151
Swarming[115]
causes of[ib.]
usual periods of[119]
best periods of[ib.]
instance of very early[ib.]
disadvantages of early and late[120]
heat produced by[39], [273]
bees not apt to sting at this time[138]
striking instance of this[139]
instance to the contrary[ib.]
importance of queen at the time[140]
experiments in proof of it[141], et seq.
Swarms, number thrown off in a season[115]
intervals betwixt successive[116]
hiving of[136]
union of[154]
causes of[115]
period usual of[118]
best[119]
early[ib.]
late[ib.]
led off by senior queen[31]
symptoms preceding[127]
Syrup for feeding bees[179]
Temperature of a well-stocked hive of bees[274]
occasional ditto[ib.]
Touch[307]
Transportation of bees[159]
Isaac’s success from[ib.]
practised in Egypt, France, Italy and Greece[159-161]
Union of swarms or stocks[154]
Mr. Walond’s method of[157]
methods practised by others[154]
Ventilation[268]
how accomplished[ib.]
Vitality protracted[259]
Wax. Vide [Bees-wax].
myrtle[223]
its difference from bees-wax[224]
pockets[365]
working-bees[366]
Wasps, formidable enemies of bees [199]
importance of destroying queens in spring[45], [206]
fact respecting them noticed by Mr. Knight[290]
extraordinary dearth of in 1806, 1815 and 1824[186]
Wildman’s feats[155]
Wine-making, general principles of[240]
elements necessary to its formation[240]
sweet[ib.]
dry[241]
fining[246]
stumming[ib.]
Wisdom as distinguished from Knowledge[334]
Working-bees. Vide [Bees].

THE END.

Printed by Richard Taylor,
SHOE-LANE, LONDON.

Transcriber Note

Minor typographical errors were corrected. Hyphenation was standardized to the most prevalent form used. The poetry authors were moved to a blank line and right aligned.