| CHAP. | PAGE | |
| I. | INTRODUCTORY | [ 9] |
II. | THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ALPHABET | [ 23] |
III. | MEMORY-AIDS AND PICTURE-WRITING | [ 37] |
| (a) Mnemonic | [ 39] | |
| (b) Pictorial | [ 51] | |
| (c) Ideographic | [ 72] | |
| (d) Phonetic | [ 79] | |
IV. | CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND COREAN SCRIPTS | [ 82] |
V. | CUNEIFORM WRITING | [ 89] |
VI. | EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS | [113] |
| (a) Hieroglyphic Writing | [115] | |
| (b) Hieratic Writing | [125] | |
| (c) Demotic Writing | [127] | |
VII. | THE ROSETTA STONE | [128] |
VIII. | EGYPTIAN WRITING IN ITS RELATION TO OTHER SCRIPTS | [134] |
IX. | CRETAN AND ALLIED SCRIPTS | [157] |
X. | GREEK PAPYRI | [198] |
| The Diffusion of the "Phœnician" Alphabet— | ||
| (a) Aramean | [207] | |
| (b) Sabean | [212] | |
| (c) Hellenic | [213] | |
XI. | RUNES AND OGAMS | [223] |
INDEX | [229] |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Indian Petition to the United States Congress | [Frontispiece] | |
FIG. | PAGE | |
| 1. | Magical Pictograph against Stings | [ 18] |
| 2. | Magical Device against Skin Disease | [ 20] |
| 3. | Aboriginal Rock Carvings (Australia) | [ 27] |
| 3a. | Aboriginal Rock Paintings (Australia) | [ 28] |
| 4. | Bushman Paintings | [ 30] |
| 4a. | Bushman Paintings | [ 31] |
| 4b. | Specimen of Bushmen Rock Sculptures | [ 32] |
| 4c. | Engravings found on Rocks in Algeria | [ 33] |
| 5. | Bushman Rain-Charm | [ 34] |
| 6. | Semang Rain-Charm | [ 35] |
| 6a. | Record of Expedition | [ 35] |
| 6b. | Various Types of the Human Form | [ 36] |
| 7. | Quipu, for Reckoning, &c. | [ 39] |
| 8. | Double Calumet Wampum | [ 48] |
| 9. | Double Calumet Council Hearth | [ 48] |
| 10. | Jesuit Missionary Wampum | [ 49] |
| 11. | Four Nations' Alliance Wampum | [ 49] |
| 11a. | Penn Wampum | [ 50] |
| 12,13. | Indian Grave-posts | [ 53] |
| 14. | Tomb-board of Indian Chief | [ 54] |
| 15. | Hunter's Grave-post | [ 54] |
| 16. | A Cadger's Map of a Begging District | [ 57] |
| 17. | Ojibwa Love-letter | [ 58] |
| 18. | Love-song | [ 58] |
| 19. | Mnemonic Song of an Ojibwa Medicine-man | [ 59] |
| 20. | Wâbeno destroying an Enemy | [ 61] |
| 21. | Etching on Innuit Drill-bow | [ 62] |
| 22. | Ojibwa Hunting Record | [ 62] |
| 23. | Hidatsa Pictograph on a Buffalo Shoulder-blade | [ 63] |
| 24. | Alaskan Hunting Record | [ 63] |
| 25. | Record of Starving Hunter | [ 63] |
| 26. | Alaskan Hunting Life | [ 66] |
| 27. | Indian Expedition | [ 66] |
| 28. | Biography of Indian Chief | [ 66] |
| 29. | War-song | [ 68] |
| 30. | Letter offering Treaty of Peace | [ 70] |
| 31. | Census Roll of an Indian Band | [ 71] |
| 32. | Record of Departure (Innuit) | [ 72] |
| 33. | Statue from Palenque | [ 76] |
| 34. | Itzcoatl | [ 80] |
| 35. | Rebus of Itzcoatl | [ 80] |
| 36. | Paternoster Rebus | [ 81] |
| 37. | Chinese Picture-writing and Later Uncial | [ 83] |
| 38. | Chinese and Tibetan Triglot | [ 88] |
| 39. | Rock Inscription at Behistun | [ 94] |
| 40. | Cylinder Seal of Sargon I. | [107] |
| 41. | Tell-el-Amarna Tablet | [109] |
| 42. | First Creation Tablet | [110] |
| 43,44. | Deluge Tablet (Chaldean Epic) | [111] |
| 45. | Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic Signs for Man | [115] |
| 46. | Comparative Ideographs | [122] |
| 47. | Ptolemy | [131] |
| 48. | Cleopatra | [131] |
| 49. | Kaisars (Cæsar)—A. Takrtr (Autokrator) | [131] |
| 50. | Facsimile of Hieratic Papyrus Prisse | [140] |
| 51. | Inscription on the Eshmunazar Sarcophagus | [141] |
| 52. | Inscription on Sacred Bowls (Baal Lebanon) | [146] |
| 53. | The Moabite Stone | [147] |
| 54. | Maneh Weight | [151] |
| 55. | Vase with Incised Characters (Crete) | [160] |
| 56. | Incised Characters on Cup (Crete) | [160] |
| 57. | Characters on Vase (Crete) | [160] |
| 58. | Signs on Bronze Axe (Delphi) | [160] |
| 59. | Signs on Blocks of Mycenæan Buildings (Knôsos) | [166] |
| 60. | Symbols on Three-sided Cornelian (Crete) | [166] |
| 61. | Symbols on Four-sided Stone (Crete) | [166] |
| 62. | Symbols on Four-sided Stones, with larger faces (Central Crete) | [166] |
| 63. | Symbol on Single-faced Cornelian (Eastern Crete) | [166] |
| 64. | Symbol on Stone of ordinary Mycenæan type (Athens) | [166] |
| 65. | Egyptian Scarabs, XIIth Dynasty—Early Cretan Seal-stones | [178] |
| 66. | Signs on Potsherds at Tell-el-Hesy compared with Ægean Forms | [178] |
| 67. | Hittite Inscription at Hamah | [181] |
| 68. | Signs on Vase-handle (Mycenæ) | [183] |
| 69. | Signs on Amphora-handle (Mycenæ) | [183] |
Acknowledgments are gratefully tendered to Messrs. Macmillan, Messrs. Longmans, Mr. John Murray, Messrs. Eyre & Spottiswoode, Mr. Edward Arnold, Messrs. Witherby, the Cambridge University Press, and the Anthropological Institute for permission to reproduce Illustrations from their several publications.