Glass

by Edward Dillon

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[I.]	Syrian or Venetian Glass. EnamelledBeaker of slightly greenish glass with a fewelongated bubbles. (H. 71⁄2 in.) The Virgin andChild enthroned between conventional lilies; oneither side an angel holding a tall candle; beyond,the figures of St. Peter and St. Paul. Above, aninscription in Gothic characters—D[=N]IA MATERREGIS ALTISSIMI ORA P PA. From the AdrianHope collection. End of thirteenth century.British Museum.
	[(Frontispiece.)]
[II.]	Unguentaria of Primitive Glass. BritishMuseum.
	(1) From Gurob, near Illahun, Upper Egypt.(H. 4 in.) Decoration of palm-pattern formedby double drag, on a sard-coloured translucentground. Nineteenth Dynasty.
	(2) Amphora-shaped vase. (H. 53⁄8 in.) Patternformed by simple drag, on opaque red ground.The body apparently turned on wheel. Handlesof green transparent glass. Said to come from theIonian Islands.
	(3) Small Jug of Oenochoë shape. (H. 51⁄2 in.)Palm pattern formed by double drag, on dark blue,nearly opaque ground. Provenance uncertain.From the Slade collection.
	(To face p. [22.])
[III.]	Egyptian Glass Pastes. British Museum.
	(1) Scarab of dark blue paste with white veinsimitating lapis lazuli. (L. 31⁄2 in.) From Thebes.Later Empire.
	(2) Vase for cosmetics, in shape of column withpapyrus capital. (H. 33⁄4 in.) Slade collection.
	(3) Plaque of ‘fused mosaic.’ (L. 31⁄4 in., about3⁄8 in. in thickness.) From the cemetery at Denderah.Ptolemaic period.
	(To face p. [32.])
[IV.]	(1) Small bottle (‘lachrymatory’). (H. 3 in.)Glass of various colours arranged in wavy lines,and now in part iridescent. Probably from aGreco-Roman tomb. Slade collection.
	(2) Bowl of thin white glass, finished on the lathe.(Diam. 33⁄4 in.) Probably from a late Greek tomb.
	(3) Spherical vase of pale blue transparent glass.(H. 33⁄8 in.) The mark of the two parts of themould into which the glass was blown is visible.Decoration of dolphins, fishes, etc., on bands.Probably Roman, first century A.D. Slade collection.1, 2, and 3, all in British Museum.
	(To face p. [45.])
[V.]	Two Bowls of Millefiori Roman Glass. ProbablyRoman, first century A.D. British Museum.
	(1) Madrepore pattern, in dark purple ground.(Diam. 5 in.)
	(2) Breccia pattern, in purple ground with whitescrolls. From the Durand collection. (Diam.51⁄4 in.)
	(To face p. [50.])
[VI.]	(1) Beaker with oval bosses, formed by blowinginto a mould with apertures. (H. 5 in.) Clearwhite glass. Said to have come from Constantinople.Greco-Roman, first century A.D.
	(2) Tall-necked flask of pale green transparent glass.(H. 63⁄4 in.) Maze-like pattern, formed by blowinginto mould. Greco-Roman. From Melos.
	(3) Small octagonal pyx, or case for cosmetics.(H. 61⁄4 in.) White opaque glass (but probablyoriginally transparent); blown into mould. FromSidon. Probably first century B.C. 1, 2, and 3,all in British Museum.
	(To face p. [56.])
[VII.]	Sepulchral Glass From the Syrian Coast(said to come from Mount Carmel). Probablyabout first century B.C. Pale green glass, withiridescence. British Museum.
	(1) Vase for cosmetics in shape of double column.(H. 51⁄4 in.)
	(2) Vase with six handles. (H. 41⁄4 in.)
	(3) Vase with handles and stringings of cobalt-blue.(H. 8 in.)
	(To face p. [60.])
[VIII.]	Bowl of Olive-Green Glass, carved in high(detached) relief. Mounted on metal stand andwith metal rim. Deep red by transmitted light.Subject—The Madness of Lycurgus. ProbablyRoman, about third or fourth century A.D. Fromthe collection of Lord Rothschild.
	(To face p. [73.])
[IX.]	Roman Glass from Graves in Britain. BritishMuseum.
	(1) Jug of pale olive glass, with iridescence. (H.83⁄8 in.) From Colchester.
	(2) Vase of olive-green glass, with two handles,each ending in quilled attachments. (H. 9 in.)From Bayford, near Sittingbourne.
	(To face p. [86.])
[X.]	Gilt Glass of the Cemeteries. Fifth centuryA.D. British Museum.
	(1) Part of a bowl, the sides ornamented withsmall medallions of gilt glass. Subjects—Adamand Eve, Sacrifice of Isaac, Jonas, the ThreeChildren, Daniel, etc. (Max. dimension, 61⁄2 in.)Found near the Church of St. Severinus, Cologne.
	(2) Disc from base of bowl. (Diam. 33⁄4 in.) Below,Christ, between Timothy and Hippolytus; above,St. Paul, St. Sixtus, and St. Laurence, standingbetween torque columns.
	(3) Portraits of Bride and Bridegroom—Orfitus andConstantia; with figure of Hercules and congratulatoryinscription. (Diam. 4 in.)
	(To face p. [91.])
[XI.]	Byzantine Glass, from the Treasury of St.Mark’s, Venice. (Reproduced from Passini,Tesoro di S. Marco.)
	(1) ‘Balance-pan’ lamp of clear glass for suspension.On the silver rim, an invocation to St.Pantaleone by the Bishop of Iberia. (Diam.101⁄2 in.)
	(2) Ellipsoid lamp, for suspension. Commonglass, carved in high relief with shells, fishes, etc.Silver rim, with cloisons for jewels and sockets forcandles. (Chief diam. 8 in.)
	(3) Paten, or more likely ‘balance-pan’ lamp.Greenish glass, incised with a series of concentricrings. (Diam. 7 in.)
	(To face p. [96.])
[XII.]	Cantharus-shaped Vase of sky-blue, bubblyglass. (H. 61⁄4 in.) Probably a chalice. Circafifth century A.D. Found at Amiens. From thePourtalès collection. British Museum.
	(To face p. [98.])
[XIII.]	Byzantine or Early Saracenic Glass, fromthe Treasury of St. Mark’s, Venice. (Reproducedfrom Passini, Tesoro di S. Marco.)
	Pear-shaped vase, set with ‘false’ metal spoutand handle, to resemble an ampulla. Carved inlow relief, in imitation of rock-crystal—design oftwo sheep-like animals amid conventional foliage.(Glass alone 4 in. in H.)
	(To face p. [101.])
[XIV.]	Byzantine or Late Roman Glass, from theTreasury of St. Mark’s, Venice. (Reproduced fromPassini, Tesoro di S. Marco.)
	Situla of greenish glass, carved in high(detached) relief with a hunting scene. Below, araised grating, supported on rods of glass (diatretumwork). H. 11 in.
	(To face p. [102.])
[XV.]	Glass Beads. British Museum.
	(1) Cylindrical beads with white and yellow pellets:(i) Blue glass with satyr-like mask; (ii) opaquegreenish glass. Probably from Cyprus. Greek orPhœnician.
	(2) Two Chevron beads. Provenance uncertain.Slade collection.
	(3) Three chains of beads, from Frankish tombsin the Rhine-Moselle district.
	(To face p. [108.])
[XVI.]	Anglo-Saxon Glass. Prunted Beaker of olive-greenglass. (H. 111⁄8 in.) From burial-mound,Taplow. British Museum.
	(To face p. [111.])
[XVII.]	Anglo-Saxon Glass. (1) Conical cup of palegreen glass, with applied threadings. (H. 101⁄4 in.)From Kempston, Bedfordshire. British Museum.
	(2) Drinking-cup of olive-green glass. (H. 81⁄2 in.)From Faversham, Kent. British Museum (GibbsBequest).
	(To face p. [112.])
[XVIII.]	Hedwig Glass (so-called). Two views of a cupof nearly colourless glass (H. about 4 in.), carvedin relief with lion, griffin, and shield. German orOriental; thirteenth century, or perhaps earlier.Now mounted on Gothic metal stand, which is notshown. Germanic Museum, Nuremberg.
	(To face p. [114.])
[XIX.]	Mediæval Glass Furnace. Reproduction of acoloured miniature from a manuscript, writtenprobably in 1023, of Rabanus Maurus (DeOriginibus Rerum), preserved in the library atMonte Cassino.
	(To face p. [124.])
[XX.]	German Glass, Fourteenth and FifteenthCentury. Dark bluish-green glass, from theGermanic Museum, Nuremberg.
	(1) Prunted cup for holding relics.
	(2) Wax cover to above, with seal of the Abbey towhich it belonged.
	(To face p. [137].)
[XXI.]	Do. do.
	(1) Small cup with pap-shaped prunts.
	(2) Cup with conical cover, containing relics.
	(To face p. [137.])
[XXII.]	Saracenic Glass. Pilgrim bottle; brownish,amber-coloured thick glass, enamelled and gilt.(H. about 8 in.) On the flattened back a rose-wheeldesign. Long preserved at Würzburg;said to come from Mesopotamia. Circa 1300A.D. British Museum.
	(To face p. [153.])
[XXIII.]	Saracenic Glass. Tall-necked bottle; decoratedwith enamelled and gilt medallions, Chinesephœnix, etc. (H. 171⁄2 in.) The inscription has beenread ‘Glory to our Lord the Sultan, the wise, thejust, the warrior King.’ Bought in Cairo. Circa1300 A.D. Victoria and Albert Museum (MyersBequest).
	(To face p. [154.])
[XXIV.]	Saracenic Glass. Victoria and Albert Museum.
	(1) Small lamp of clear white glass, a little decayedon surface. (H. 81⁄4 in.) Enamels of white, red,and yellow with gold, sparingly applied—horsemenwith falcons; gold frieze on rim and foot.Stated to have come from a Christian monasteryin Syria. Late thirteenth or early fourteenthcentury. Myers Bequest.
	(2) Vessel for oil. Probably to be suspended in alarge mosque lamp (lantern). (H. 61⁄2 in.) Palegreenish-blue glass, with remains of the gildingthat formerly covered it.
	(To face p. [156.])
[XXV.]	Saracenic Glass. Beaker enamelled with friezeof three polo-players, between two bands withinscription in Arabic, both in praise of ‘our Lordthe Sultan’ (without date or proper name).About 1300. The silver-gilt foot and cover areprobably Augsburg work of the early sixteenthcentury. From a reproduction in water-colours ofthe original in the Grüne Gewölbe, Dresden.
	(To face p. [162.])
[XXVI.]	Saracenic Glass. Mosque lamp (H. 16 in.)from Cairo. Clear white glass with manybubbles. Eight handles for suspension. Designof lotus-blossom, etc., outlined in opaque red,and the interstices filled with translucent blueenamel. Early fourteenth century. Victoria andAlbert Museum (Myers Bequest).
	(To face p. [168.])
[XXVII.]	(1) Drinking-cup (Diam. 51⁄2 in.) of honey-colouredglass. In centre, enamelled figure of‘the angel who serves the wine to the faithful.’Angel’s wings and surrounding band, gold upona lavender-blue ground. Persian in style, butaccording to M. Schefer, possibly made atErmenas and enamelled at Aleppo. Probablyfifteenth century. British Museum.
	(2) Hollow Sphere of honey-coloured enamelledglass. (Diam. 4 in.) Ornament ofchain of mosque lamp. Provenance unknown,but probably from Northern Syria. BritishMuseum.
	(To face p. [172.])
[XXVIII.]	Venetian Glass. The Aldrevandini Beaker.(H. 51⁄8 in.) Thin clear glass with black specks,enamelled with three shields bearing the armsof South German towns: (1) Three stag-hornsin fesse, azure; (2) argent, three keys in fesse,gules; (3) per fesse argent and sable, in chiefa bar. Between, apple-green leaves outlined inwhite. Some enamelling also inside. Inscriptionin Gothic letters. About 1300 A.D. BritishMuseum.
	(To face p. [179.])
[XXIX.]	Venetian Glass. The Berovieri Cup. (H. c.81⁄2 in.) Coppa Nuziale (marriage cup) of deep-blueglass, enamelled and gilt. The heads ofbride and bridegroom in medallions. Between,(1) a procession of knights and ladies approachinga fountain; (2) bathing in fountain. Attributedto Angelo Berovieri. About 1440. MuseoCivico, Venice.
	(To face p. [194.])
[XXX.]	Venetian Glass. (1) Lamp for suspension,enamelled with studs of white on colouredground. (H. 11 in.) Shield with stemma ofTiepolo family. Early sixteenth century. MuseoCivico, Venice.
	(2) Stemless cup of thin clear glass. (H. 51⁄2in.) Decorated with scrolls, lions, and birds, in‘painted’ enamel. About 1450. Dug up whileexcavating the foundations of the new Campanile.Museo Civico, Venice.
	(To face p. [199].)
[XXXI.]	Venetian Glass. Flower-vase. (H. 11 in.)Transparent, colourless glass, slightly greyish,with tendency to deliquescence on surface:threading and studs of cobalt-blue. Probablysixteenth century. British Museum. (Slade, exBernal collection.)
	(To face p. [200.])
[XXXII.]	Venetian Glass. Spherical vase (H., with‘made-up’ foot, 91⁄2 in.) of opaque white glass,decorated with gilt scrolls and bosses and a pairof rudely drawn mermaids. Sixteenth century.British Museum. (Slade, ex D’Azeglio collection.)
	(To face p. [203.])
[XXXIII.]	Venetian Glass. Pilgrim’s bottle. (H. 61⁄2 in.)Design (Cupid fishing, and Venus and Anchises)painted in blue on opaque white (lattimo) ground.Early sixteenth century. Museo Civico, Venice.
	(To face p. [204.])
[XXXIV.]	Venetian Glass, enamelled and gilt. Earlysixteenth century. British Museum.
	(1) Plate of thin glass. (Diam. 7 in.) In centrea shield with oak tree, green and gold on blueground. (? Rovere arms.) Round margin a ringof delicate pattern in powder gold. Early sixteenthcentury. (Slade collection.)
	(2) Tazza of thin glass. (Diam. 6 in.) Coatof arms in lozenge in centre, surrounded by ringwith flowers in oval medallions—apple-green,dull red, blue and yellow enamels. Powdergold band round margin. (Slade, ex Bernalcollection.)
	(To face p. [214.])
[XXXV.]	French Glass of Renaissance. BritishMuseum. (Slade collection.)
	(1) Statuette of Louis XIII. or XIV. (H. 41⁄4 in.)Opaque white glass with coloured enamels. Probablymade at Nevers. Seventeenth century.
	(2) Statuette of man with muff. (H. of figure,5 in.) Opaque white, porcelain-like glass, ona copper base. On stand of white Dresdenchina, partly gilt.
	(3) Small burette (H. 5 in.) of dark greenish-bluetransparent glass; the body and necksplashed with green, white, and red enamels.Gilt berry-like bosses on body. Probably sixteenthcentury.
	(To face p. [233.])
[XXXVI.]	Spanish Glass. Victoria and Albert Museum.
	(1) Vase of pale bottle-green glass; fourhandles with quilled edges. (H. 61⁄2 in.) Fromthe South of Spain. Sixteenth or seventeenthcentury.
	(2) Jug of white transparent glass (H. 81⁄2 in.),made at S. Ildefonso.
	(3) Vase of transparent glass, slightly greenish.(H. 6 in.) Two handles with quilled edges.From the South of Spain. Sixteenth or seventeenthcentury.
	(To face p. [245.])
[XXXVII.]	German Glass. Roemer of green glass; berryprunts on waist; the foot built up of glass stringing.Circa 1600. Germanic Museum, Nuremberg.
	(To face p. [254.])
[XXXVIII.]	German Glass Furnace. Sixteenth century.From Agricola, De Re Metallica, Basle, 1556.
	(To face p. [260.])
[XXXIX.]	German Glass. Willkomm Humpen, enamelledin colours with the Reichs-adler. On the wings,as recorded by an inscription on the back, thearms of the various members of the Holy RomanEmpire. Dated 1656. Greenish glass; belowmargin, a ring of ‘powdered’ gold, between beadingof white and blue enamel. British Museum(Henderson Bequest).
	(To face p. [264.])
[XL.]	German Glass. British Museum.
	(1) Beaker of clear white glass. (H. 51⁄2 in.)Enamelled with double eagle, white and blue,with yellow beaks and claws; at the back a sprigof lily-of-the-valley. Dated 1596. From theBernal collection.
	(2) Jug of pale purple glass (H. 8 in.) withpewter lid. Enamelled with a white dog pursuinga red stag and fox. In addition green, blue,and yellow enamels. Dated 1595. From theSlade collection.
	(To face p. [267.])
[XLI.]	German Glass. Willkomm Humpen. Enamelledin colours with hunting scene, the gamebeing driven into net. About 1600. BritishMuseum.
	(To face p. [268.])
[XLII.]	German Glass. Covered beaker of clear whiteglass. (H. with cover 63⁄4 in.) Engraved withdesign of amorini dancing among vines. Themetal knob of cover is enamelled and gilt, andon the interior button are enamelled the arms ofthe Archbishop of Trèves, with the followinginscription:—Joan Hugo D.G. Arc. Trev. PR.EL. EP. SP. Early eighteenth century.
	(To face p. [283.])
[XLIII.]	Dutch Glass. Beaker in the form of a roemer.(H. 9 in.) On the bowl, in medallions, headssymbolising the four seasons, scratched with thediamond. The waist, decorated with berry prunts,showing remains of gilding. On this part isscratched (in English) ‘August the 18th, 1663,’and the letters W.H.E. between bay branches. On thefoot a landscape with hunting scene. BritishMuseum.
	(To face p. [296.])
[XLIV.]	English Wine-Glasses. British Museum.
	(1) Wine-glass, early eighteenth century. (H.83⁄4 in.) The hollow knop of the moulded stemis decorated with prunts and encloses a sixpenceof Queen Anne (dated 1707).
	(2) Jacobite wine-glass with opaque twistedstem. (H. 73⁄4 in.) On the bowl is engraved aportrait of the Young Pretender, inscribed ‘Cognoscuntme mei’; at the back are the wordsPremium Virtutis under a crown.
	(3) Jacobite wine-glass with air-twisted stem.Round the bowl are engraved the words ‘ImmortalMemory’; above, a band of vine-leaves,and below, fleurs-de-lis and roses. Presented byMr. A. Hartshorne.
	(To face p. [327.])
[XLV.]	English Flint Glass. Victoria and AlbertMuseum.
	(1) Standing cup and cover (H. 12 in.) onsquare, stepped foot. Carved in relief with gadroonsdescending spirally. End of eighteenthcentury. Presented by Mr. H. B. Lennard.
	(2) Bowl standing on square base. (H. 81⁄2 in.)The whole of the surface facetted; the undersurface of the foot cut into square compartments.End of eighteenth century. Presented by Mr.H. B. Lennard.
	(To face p. [332.])
[XLVI.]	Persian Glass. Tall-necked vase of colourlessglass; body shaped in a mould; appliqué stringingson foot. Taken from a tomb at Baku.Vincent Robinson collection.
	(To face p. [338.])
[XLVII.]	Persian Glass. Victoria and Albert Museum.Seventeenth or eighteenth century.
	(1) Tall-necked, pear-shaped vase, the surfacespirally ribbed, of deep blue transparent glass.(H. 11 in.)
	(2) Cruet-shaped vase of clear white glass.(H. 9 in.) From the Richard collection.
	(3) Perfume sprinkler, with curved neck andbarnacle-shaped lip. Blue transparent glass, thesurface spirally ribbed. (H. 12 in.)
	(To face p. [340.])
[XLVIII.]	Indian Glass. Indian Museum. Vase or basinwith wide-spreading lip. (H. 53⁄4 in.) Milky,semi-transparent glass; the ground gilt, surroundingwhite flowers, with pistils of red enamel.Provenance unknown. (Delhi district?)
	(To face p. [343.])
[XLIX.]	Chinese Glass. Victoria and Albert Museum.
	(1) Bowl of mottled green glass with purplemarkings, imitating jade. (H. 27⁄8 in.) Eighteenthcentury. From the Bernal collection.
	(2) Spindle-shaped vase of orange, ‘tortoise-shell’glass. (H. 71⁄2 in.) The stopper of silver,inlaid with Chinese characters; the base European.
	(3) Small tripod vase of mottled yellow glass,in form of incense-burner. (H. 33⁄4 in.) Eighteenthcentury.
	(To face p. [350.])

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ON GLASS

Agricola (Georg): De Re Metallica (last chapter of work). Basle, 1556.

Appert (L.) et Henrivaux: Verre et Verrerie. Paris, 1894.

Appert (L.): Notes sur les verres des Vitraux Anciens. Paris, 1896.

Bapst (A.): Chinesische Glasarbeiten; Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst, 1885.

Bate (Percy): English Table-Glass. No date. (1904?)

Biringuccio (V.): De la Pirotechnia. Venice, 1540.