Peculiar customs—Formalities of surrender—A number of instances of succession rules—Status of wives-Cases where the Emperor himself breaks the rules—Instances of irregular succession in various states—Customs of war—Cutting off the left ear as trophy—Rewards for heads—Principles of facing north and south— Turning towards Mecca—Left and Right princes—Modern instances of official seating—North and south facing houses—Chivalrous rules about mourning—Funeral missions—The feudal yearnings of Confucius explained—Respect even of barbarians for mourning—Many other quaint instances of funeral and mourning rules—Promises made to a dying non compos of no avail—Mencius and the diplomatists.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
WOMEN AND MORALS
Rights of women in ancient China—The legal rule and the actual fact—Instances of irregularity in female status, both in ancient and modern China—Instances of incest and irregular marriage even in orthodox states-Women, once married, not to come back—The much-married Second Protector—Hun and Turk customs about taking over Wives—Clan marriages of doubtful legality—Succession rules— Ts'u irregularities and caprice—Elder brothers by inferior wives—Paranymphs, or under-studies of the wife—Women always under some man's power—Incestuous fathers—Lex Julia introduced into Yiieh by its vengeful King—The evil morals of the Shanghai-Ningpo region of ancient Yiieh—No prostitution in ancient China, except perhaps in Ts'i—No infanticide—Incest and names.
CHAPTER XXXIX
GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
Orthodox China compared with orthodox Greece—Our persistent "traditions" about the Tower of Babel and the Tarim Valley-Wu, Yiieh, and ancient traditions—The "Tribute of Yii" says nothing of Western origin of Chinese—No ancient knowledge of the West, nor of South China—The Blackwater River and the Emperor Muh—The "Tribute of Yii" says nothing of the supposed Western emigration of the Chinese—Some traditions of Chinese migrations from the south—Traditions of enfeoffment of vassals in Corea, about 1122 B.C.—Knowledge of China as defined by the First Protector, and as visited by the Second in the seventh century B.C.—Evidence of the Emperor's limited knowledge of China in 670 B.C.—Yiieh first appears in 536 B.C.—Tsin never saw the sea till 589 B.C.—Ts'i's ignorance of the south-u, Yiieh, and Ts'u all purely Yang-tsz riverine states—Ts'u alone knew the south—CHÊNG's ignorance of the south—Ts'u and orthodox China of the same ancient stock— Tsin's ignorance of Central China—Tsin defines Chinese limits for Ts'u—Ancient orthodox nucleus was the "Central State," a name still employed to mean "China" as a whole.
CHAPTER XL
TOMBS AND REMAINS.
Evidences still remaining in the shape of the tombs of great historical personages—Elephants used to work at the Wu tombs— Royal Ts'u tomb desecrated—Relics of 1122 B.C. found in Lu—Ts'in destitute of relics—Confucius and the Duke of Chou's relics—Each generation of Chinese sees and doubts not of its own antiquities— No reason for European scepticism—Native critics know much more than we do.