The micro-organisms of the soil

by Edward J. Russell; Rothamsted Experimental Station

• Adametz, [118].
• Adams, [158].
• Aiyer, [113].
• Appel, [133].
• Artari, [107].
• Ashby, [42].
• Barthel, [24].
• Beijerinck, [6], [37], [41], [42], [46], [107].
• Berthelot, [5], [6], [41].
• Bewley, [47], [51], [132].
• Bezssonoff, [69].
• Boas, [138].
• Bokorny, [138].
• Bonazzi, [45].
• Boresch, [107].
• Boussingault, [3].
• Bredemann, [24].
• Bristol, [106].
• Brizi, [113].
• Brown and Halversen, [127].
• Burgess, [41].
• Burrill, [48].
• Bussey, Peters and Ulrich, [132].
• Butkevitch, [138], [139].
• Butler, [132].
• Cameron, [150], [158].
• Chodat, [107].
• Christensen, [46].
• Clayton, [28], [43].
• Coleman, [127], [136].
• Conn, [23], [54], [61], [123].
• Cramer, [39].
• Crump, [57], [79], [80].
• Cunningham, [69].
• Cutler, [57], [58], [78], [80].
• Dale, [118], [121].
• Darwin, [153].
• Dascewska, [134].
• De Bruyn, [132].
• van Delden, [42].
• Delf, [87].
• Doryland, [33], [40].
• Dox, [138].
• Dox and Neidig, [134].
• Drummond, [160].
• Duggar and Davis, [135].
• Duvaine, [20].
• Ehrenberg, [138].
• Ehrlich and Jacobsen, [138].
• Esmarch, [102], [103].
• Fabricius, [61].
• Feilitzen, [61].
• Fischer, [118], [126].
• Forte, [101].
• Frank, [132].
• Fritsch, [112].
• Gainey, [46].
• Gillespie and Hurst, [140].
• Goddard, [118], [120], [121].
• Golding, [49].
• Goodey, [68], [73], [79], [105].
• Greaves, [42], [61].
• Green, [37].
• Grintzesco, [107].
• Groenewege, [42].
• Hagem, [118], [121], [136], [138], [139].
• Hamilton, [158], [159].
• Hansen, [48].
• Hanzawa, [43].
• Harrison, [113].
• Heinze, [139].
• Hellriegel, [5], [6], [46].
• Hensen, [100].
• Hesselmann, [36].
• Hill, [94].
• Hiltner, [23].
• Hopkins, [36].
• Hutchinson, C. M., [42].
• Hutchinson, H. B., [27], [43], [47], [51], [57], [105].
• van Iterson, [133].
• Jensen, [118], [132].
• Jewson, [123].
• Joffe, [37].
• Jones, D. H. and Murdock, [127].
• Jones, L. R., [140].
• Kappen, [136].
• Karrer, [105].
• Kaserer, [27].
• Klöcker, [134].
• Koch, A., [44], [134].
• Koch, R., [20], [53].
• Kofoid, [88].
• Kohshi, [134].
• Kopeloff, [118], [136].
• Kossowitsch, [111].
• Krainskii, [44].
• Krzeminiewski, [43].
• Kufferath, [107].
• Latham, [135].
• Laurent, [136].
• Lawes and Gilbert, [5].
• Lebedeff, [27].
• Leeuwenhoeck, [20].
• Lendner, [118].
• Lipman, C. B., [41], [42], [44], [54].
• Lipman, J. G., Blair, Owen, and McLean, [94].
• Löhnis, [22], [43], [69], [136].
• Magnus, [107].
• Malpighi, [46].
• Marchal, [34], [136].
• Martin, [73].
• Martin and Lewin, [69].
• McBeth, [28], [134].
• McBeth and Scales, [118], [140].
• McLean and Wilson, [118], [136].
• Mockeridge, [43].
• Moore, G. T., [105].
• Morris, [150], [151], [162].
• Muntz and Coudon, [118], [136].
• Nabokich, [27].
• Nagaoka, [38].
• Nakano, [107].
• Nasir, [94], [95].
• Neller, [137].
• Omelianski, [27], [42].
• Orla-Jensen, [26], [35].
• Otto, [133].
• Oudemans and Koning, [118].
• Pasteur, [3], [20].
• Perey, [94].
• Perotti, [136].
• Petersen, [104].
• Pillai, [43].
• Potter and Snyder, [137], [138].
• Povah, [138].
• Pratt, [132].
• Prescott, [61].
• Pringsheim, [107].
• Ramann, [118].
• Rathbun, [120].
• Reh, [162].
• Remy, [118].
• Richards, [112].
• Richardson, [159].
• Ritter, [138].
• Robbins, W. J., [109].
• Robbins, W. W., [105].
• Roussy, [134].
• Russell, [112].
• Russell and Hutchinson, [57], [66], [94].
• Salunskov, [42].
• Sandon, [57], [75].
• Scales, [28], [134].
• Schellenberg, [133].
• Schindler, [107].
• Schloesing, [3], [4], [34].
• Schmitz, [134].
• Schramm, [111].
• Servettaz, [109].
• Seydel, [44].
• Sherman, [69].
• Shibata, [136].
• Söhngen, [26], [27], [134].
• Takahashi, [118].
• Taylor, [120].
• Ternetz, [135].
• Treub, [112].
• Truffaut, [69].
• Verkade and Söhngen, [134].
• Von Ubisch, [109].
• Waksman, [37], [118], [120], [121], [123], [125], [126], [134], [136].
• Waksman and Cook, [136].
• Wann, [111].
• Warington, [4], [34].
• Waynick, [42].
• Welwitsch, [112].
• Werkenthin, [120], [121].
• West, [88], [105].
• Whiting, [36].
• Wilfarth, [46].
• Winogradsky, [4], [6], [34], [41], [44].

SUBJECT INDEX.

• Absidia, [121].
• Acarina, [150], [151], [157].
• Acid formation by Fungi, [139].
• Acidity of soil, [17]; effect on Actinomyces, [140]; relation to nitrification, [36].
• Actinomycetes, [119], [134], [139].
• Aeration of soil, effect on bacteria of, [61].
• Agriotes, [150].
• Air supply in soil, [17].
• Algæ, agents causing disappearance of nitrate from soil, [12]; associations of, in soil, [105], [106]; blue green, [102 sqq.] (see also [Cyanophyceæ] and [Myxophyceæ]); colonisation of new ground by, [112]; conditions of growth for, [101], [104], [107], [108]; distribution of, [102], [104], [106], [109]; economic significance of, [100], [102]; filamentous, [106]; flora of soil, [101], [112]; formation of humus substances, [112]; fragmentation of filaments, [107], [110]; frequency of occurrence, [102 sqq.]; glucose, effect of, on growth, [108], [109]; green, [104 sqq.] (see also Chlorophyceæ); importance in cultivation of rice, [113]; numbers in soil of, [109], [110]; nutrition of, [107], [108], [110]; producers, of organic substance, [100]; pure cultures of, [107], [111]; relation to gaseous interchange in soil, [113]; relation to soil moisture, [112]; seasonal changes in numbers of, [88]; subterranean, [105].
• Alkaloids, as source of nitrogen for fungi, [138].
• Alternaria, [119].
• Amino-acids, formation of, by algæ, [108].
• Amino-compounds, decomposition of, by fungi, [136], [138].
• Ammonia, assimilation of, by bacteria, [33], [40], [45]; effect of partial sterilisation on soil content of, [66]; formation in soil, [170]; formation in soil by bacteria, [32 sqq.]; formation in soil by fungi, [135 sqq.], [141]; influence of physical conditions on formation of, [137]; property of attracting Diptera, [159]; utilisation by higher plants, [36].
• Ammonium sulphate, effect on fungi, [121], [126], [127].
• Anabæna, [102], [112].
• Annelida, [149].
• Antagonism of salts in soil, [60].
• Ants, [153].
• Arachnida, [150], [151].
• Arctic soil, bacterial flora of, [24].
• Areinida, [150], [151], [157].
• Armillaria, [132].
• Ascomycetes, [119].
• Aspergillaceæ, [136].
• Aspergillus, [119], [120], [135], [136], [138], [139].
• Azotobacter, [6], [41], [95], [96]; assimilation of nitrates by, [45]; decreasing efficiency in liquid culture, [44]; indicator of soil acidity, [44].
• Bacillariaceæ, [100] (see also [Diatom]).
• Bacillus amylobacter, distribution of, [24].
• Bacillus radicicola, [24], [46 sqq.]; inoculation of soil with, [50]; life cycle of, [47].
• Bacteria, association with algæ in nitrogen fixation, [111]; anærobic respiration of, [37]; effect of arsenic on, [61]; cellulose destroying, [134]; changes in morphology in culture, [22], [47]; classification of main groups, [23], [25]; composition of cells of, [39]; inverse relationship with protozoa, [10], [79], [82 sqq.]; isolation from soil, [21]; methods of describing, [21]; method of estimating numbers of, [53 sqq.], [80]; nitrogen fixation by, [110], [111]; numbers in relation to algæ, [110]; numbers in soil, [52 sqq.]; oxidation of hydrogen by, [27], [37]; effect of partial sterilisation on, [8], [9], [66], [67]; part played in soil fertility by, [7]; pure cultures, isolation by plating, [20]; seasonal changes in numbers of, [59], [87 sqq.]; effect of salts on, [60]; short time changes in numbers of, [11], [57], [58]; effect of temperature on, [67]; uneven distribution of, [57].
• Basidiomycetes, [119], [123], [132].
• Beets, attacked by Phoma betæ, [135].
• Boletus, [132].
• Botrytis, [122].
• Bryophyta, [100], [132].
• Bumilleria, [105].
• Calcium compounds in soil and fungi, [139].
• Carabidæ, [150].
• Carbohydrates, decomposition by bacteria, [26 sqq.]; decomposition by fungi, [140]; decomposition in soil, [168]; effect on ammonia production in soil, [33]; presence in algal sheath and bacteria, [111].
• Carbon, changes in amount in soil, [167]; relationships of bacteria, [27]; relationships of fungi, [133]; source of, for soil bacteria, [39]; sources of, for soil fungi, [139].
• Carbon dioxide, assimilation by algæ, [99], [107], [108]; assimilation by soil bacteria, [35], [36], [40].
• Carotin, in algæ, [100]; formed by Spirochæta cytophaga, [29].
• Cecidomyidæ, [155].
• Cellulose, decomposition by bacteria, [27], sqq.; decomposition by fungi, [133], [134], [141]; relation of nitrogen supply to decomposition of, [30]; decomposition in soil, [168]; as source of energy for nitrogen fixation, [43].
• Centipedes, see [Chilopoda].
• Cephalosporium, [120].
• Cephalothecium, [136].
• Chilopoda, [157].
• Chironomidæ, [155].
• Chlorella, [108].
• Chlorococcum, [105].
• Chlorophyceæ, [100].
• Chlorophyll, loss of, from algæ, [108].
• Ciliates, classification of, [72]; cyst wall of, [73].
• Citric acid, formation of, by fungi, [139].
• Cladosporium, [119].
• Clamp connections in fungi, [119].
• Classification, of algæ, [100]; of bacteria, [23], [25]; of fungi, [131]; of protozoa, [69 sqq.]
• Climate, effect of, on algæ, [101].
• Clostridium, [41], [44]; as fixer of nitrogen, [6].
• Coccomyxa, [104].
• Coleoptera, [150], [154], [155].
• Collembola, [150], [153], [154].
• Colletotrichum, [131].
• Commensals, [132].
• Conjugatæ, [100].
• Cortinarius, [132].
• Cotton, destroyed by fungi, [134].
• Counting, of algæ, [109]; of bacteria, [53 sqq.]; of fungi, [122]; of protozoa, [77], [79], [80].
• Cresol, decomposition of, by bacteria, [22], [24], [31].
• Criteria, physiological, of fungi, [128].
• Crop growth, effect on fungi, [122].
• Cryptomonadineæ, [100].
• Cucumber leaf spot, [131].
• Cyanamide, decomposition of, by fungi, [136].
• Cyanophyceæ, [103] (see also [Myxophyceæ] and [blue-green algæ]).
• Cylindrospermum, [102].
• Cysts, [68], [73], [74].
• Denitrification, by bacteria, [37]; by fungi, [136].
• Desiccation, resistance to, by algæ, [106].
• Dew, relation to algæ, [101], [113].
• Diatoms, [104 sqq.] (see also [Bacillariaceæ]).
• Dicyanamide, decomposition of, by fungi, [136].
• Dipeptides, formation of, by algæ, [108].
• Diplopoda, [157].
• Diptera, [150], [154], [155], [159].
• Disaccharides and fungi, [134].
• Earthworms, abundance of, in soil, [153]; effect of, in soil, [13], [160], [175].
• Eel-worms, [149] (see also [Nematoda]).
• Elaphomyces, [132].
• Enchytræidæ, [149].
• Energy, laws of, [165]; relationships of soils, [166]; requirements of soil organisms, [15], [16].
• Energy supply, relation of bacterial activities to, [25 sqq.], [40], [44]; sources of, for soil bacteria, [26 sqq.], [40], [43]; supplies of, for soil organisms, [111], [164], [167], [168].
• Environmental conditions in soil, [16].
• Eremacausis, [2].
• Ericales, [132], [135].
• Euglena, [99].
• Euglenaceæ, [100].
• Experimental error, in bacterial counts, [54]; in fungal counts, [124].
• Farmyard manure, see [Manure].
• Fats, used by fungi, [134].
• Fatty acids used by fungi, [134].
• Fertility of soil, views on, [2]; effect of decomposition of plant residues on, [1], [165]; effect of organisms on, [175].
• Filter paper, destruction of, by fungi, [133]; destruction of, by Spirochæta cytophaga, [28].
• Fixation of nitrogen, discovery of, by Berthelot, [5]; by bacteria, [40 sqq.]; by algæ, [110], [111]; by mixtures of bacteria and algæ, [111]; by fungi, [135 sqq.] (see also [Nitrogen Fixation]).
• Flagellatæ, [100].
• Flax sickness and fungi, [122].
• Formaldehyde, as agent for destroying fungi, [141].
• Fungi, control of, in soil, [139 sqq.]; counting of, [122]; distribution of, in soil, [119 sqq.], [127]; fertilisers, effect of, on numbers of in soil, [126]; as facultative parasites, [131], [132]; fruiting bodies of, [123]; destruction of hemicelluloses by, [133]; individual, [122], [123]; action on monosaccharides of, [134]; mineral relationships of, [139]; mycorrhizal, [132], [135], [139], [140]; heterocyclic nitrogen compounds and, [138]; occurrence in soil, [118]; qualitative study of, [118]; selective feeding of, [140]; specific determination of, [119].
• Fungi imperfecti, [119].
• Fusaria, [134].
• Fusarium, [119], [120], [122], [128], [133], [136].
• Gamascidæ, [156].
• Gases of swamp water (Paddy soils), [113].
• Gastrodia, [132].
• Gelatinous envelope of algæ, [109], [111].
• Geographical distribution of azotobacter, [41]; of soil bacteria, [24]; of protozoa, [75], [76]; of soil fungi, [119], [125].
• Germination, of algal spores, [107].
• Glucose, use of, by algae, [108], [109], [111]; use of, by moss protonema, [109].
• Glycocoll, formation of, by algæ, [108].
• Granulobacter, [42].
• Greenland, bacteria in soil from, [24].
• “Grunlandmoor,” fungi in, [126].
• Hantzschia, [105].
• Hemiptera, [154].
• Heterokontæ, [100].
• “Hochmoor,” fungi in, [126].
• Hormidium, [104].
• Humus, the food of plants, [1]; formation of, by fungi, [134], [141]; formation of, in soil, [168]; forest, [132]; fungal hyphæ as constituent of forest humus, [132].
• Hydrogen ion concentration, in soil, [17]; effect on fungi of, [124].
• Hymenoptera, [150], [154].
• Insecta, [150], [157].
• Insects, numbers present in soil, [154].
• Invertebrata, definition of, [147]; method of investigating, [148]; groups represented, [149]; distribution in the soil, [151]; dominant species and groups, [153]; environmental factors of, [157]; feeding habits, [156]; relation to agriculture, [160]; relation to nitrogen cycle, [161].
• Iron compounds, oxidation by fungi, [139].
• Isopoda, [150], [151].
• Leguminosæ, association with bacteria, [46 sqq.]; enrichment of ground by, [5].
• Lepidoptera, [150], [154].
• Life cycles, of bacteria, [22], [47]; of protozoa, [72 sqq.]
• Lime, effect on fungi in soil, [121], [126].
• Lyngbya, [112].
• Magnesium compounds, effect on fungi, [139].
• Manganese compounds, effect on bacteria, [61].
• Manure, farmyard, effect on algæ, [109], [110]; effect on numbers of bacteria, [60]; effect on numbers of fungi, [126]; effect on numbers of insects, [154], [155].
• Manure, Artificial, effect on fungi, [127].
• Manure, town stable, occurrence of disease organisms in, [132].
• Mastigophora, classification of, [71]; species of, [71].
• Media, containing nitrates, chemical analysis of, [111]; for counting soil bacteria, [54]; for counting protozoa, [79]; for counting fungi, [119], [123].
• Melanconium, [134].
• Melolontha, [150].
• Methane, oxidation of, by bacteria, [26], [27].
• Millipedes, see [Diplopoda].
• Mites, see [Acarina].
• Mollusca, [149], [157].
• Moniliaceæ, [136].
• Mucor, [120], [121], [136], [138].
• Mucorales, [121], [134].
• Mucorineæ, [118].
• Mycetophilidæ, [155].
• Mycorrhiza, [132], [135], [139], [140].
• Myriapoda, [150], [156].
• Myxophyceæ, [100] (see also [Cyanophyceæ] and [blue-green algæ]).
• Naphthalene, decomposition of, by bacteria, [31].
• Naviculoideæ, [100].
• Nematoda, [149], [151], [157].
• Nitrate, assimilation by algæ, [105], [108], [111]; assimilation by bacteria, [33], [40], [44], [51]; assimilation by fungi, [136], [138]; removal from soil, [12], [112], [171]; variations in amount in soil, [11].
• Nitre-beds, [1].
• Nitrification, and bacteria, [34]; chemical changes in, [171]; and fungi, [136]; energy supply in, [35]; mechanism of, [1], [3]; and soil fertility, [1], [3].
• Nitrites and fungi, [136]; formation by bacteria, [34].
• Nitrobacter, [35].
• Nitrogen, changes in amount in soil, [167]; cycle in soil, [161]; fixation by bacteria, [6], [40 sqq.]; fixation by fungi, [135], [136], [141]; fixation of, in clover plant, [5]; increase by protozoa of fixation of, [94], [95] ([fig.]); fixation sources of energy for, [43], [49]; gain of, in soil, [174]; in invertebrates, [162]; loss of, by leaching, [112]; loss of, from cultivated soils, [173]; relationships of fungi, [135]; relationships of algæ, [110]-[112]; relationships of bacteria, [32 sqq.], [40 sqq.]; relationships of insects, [162].
• Nitrosococcus, [35].
• Nitrosomonas, [35].
• Nodule Organism of the Leguminosæ, [6], [46 sqq.]
• Nostocaceæ, [100], [101], [102], [107].
• Oligochæta, [149], [151], [153], [157].
• Oospora, [120].
• Orcheomyces, [132].
• Orchid cultivation and fungi, [132], [140].
• Orthoptera, [154].
• Oscillatoriaceæ, [100], [102].
• Osmotic pressure, influencing effect of salts on bacteria, [50].
• Oxalic acid, formation of, by fungi, [139].
• Oxidations effected by soil organisms; by bacteria, [26] et seq.; by fungi, [139].
• Oxygen, absorption by soils, [4].
• Partial sterilisation of soil, [8], [66 sqq.], [96], [178]; influence of organic antiseptics, [177]; limiting factor in, [67], [68].
• Pectin, effect of, on fungi, [134].
• Pedras negras, [112].
• Penicillia, [134].
• Pentosans, effect of, on fungi, [134].
• Peptones, decomposition of, by fungi, [136], [138]; source of nitrogen for algæ, [108].
• Periodicity, of protozoa in soil, [90 sqq.] ([fig.]), [92] ([fig.]), [93].
• Phenol, decomposition of, by bacteria, [24], [25], [31].
• Phenylalanine, formation of, by algæ, [108].
• Phoma, [132].
• Phormidium, [106].
• Phosphates, availability of, influenced by bacteria, [52]; by fungi, [139]; effect on bacteria, [46], [51], [60].
• Photosynthesis, [99], [100], [107], [110], [113].
• Phycocyanin, [100].
• Physical conditions in soil, [16].
• Physiological criteria, of bacteria, [22]; of fungi, [128].
• Phycomycetes, [119].
• Phytophthora, [132].
• Plant disease, and fungi, [139].
• Plant residues, decomposition of, in soil, [168]; influence of soil reaction on, [165]; relation to soil fertility, [1], [165].
• Plasticity of fungi, [119].
• Plectonema, [106].
• Potassium salts, effect on bacteria, [60]; influence of bacteria on the availability of, [52].
• Protein, decomposition of, in soil, [169]; decomposition by bacteria, [32]; decomposition by fungi, [138], [140].
• Protococcales, [100].
• Protoderma viride, [105].
• Protonema of mosses, [100], [105], [106], [109].
• Protophyta, chlorophyll-bearing, [100].
• Protozoa, inoculation into soil of, [85 sqq.]; isolation from soil, [69]; classification of, [69 sqq.]; life histories of, [72 sqq.]; species of, in soil, [70 sqq.]; distribution of, in soil, [74 sqq.]; retention of, by soil, [78] ([fig.]); size of, [90]; reproductive rates, [93]; inverse relation with bacteria, [79 sqq.]; presence of trophic forms in soil, [9]; numbers of, in soil, [90], [96], [97]; fluctuations in numbers of, [10], [81] ([fig.]), [82]; external conditions, effect on, [82]; seasonal changes, effect on, [87 sqq.]; weight of, [90].
• Pteridophyta, [132].
• Pythium, [132].
• Reaction of soil, [17].
• Reaction of soil, effect on bacteria, [36], [37], [46], [48], [61]; effect on protozoa, [93], [94] (see also [hydrogen ion concentration]).
• Relationships of Fungi, commensal, [132]; mycorrhizal, [132]; symbiotic, [132].
• Rhizopoda; classification of, [70], [71]; species of, [70], [71].
• Rhythm, supposed in ammonification by fungi, [137].
• Rhizoctonia, [132].
• Rhizopus, [119], [120].
• Rice plant, aeration of roots, [113]; physiological disease of, [113].
• Rock Phosphate as base for nitrifying organisms, [36].
• Rothamsted, Broadbalk plot 2 (Farmyard Manure) algæ, [109]; fungi, [125], [127]; Insects, [152].
• Rothamsted, Broadbalk plot 3 (Unmanured) algæ, [109]; fungi, [120], [122], [127]; Insects, [152].
• Rothamsted, Broadbalk Plots 10, 11, and 13; [122], [127].
• Rothamsted, Barnfield Plot 1-0 (Farmyard Manure), Protozoa, [80].
• Rothamsted, unmanured grass plot, [120].
• Russula, [132].
• Rusts, [119].
• Saccharomyces, [120].
• Saprophytes, facultative, [131].
• Saprophytism and algæ, [108], [110].
• Scenedesmus, [108].
• Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of soil organisms, [12], [87 et seq.], [125].
• Selective media, use of, in isolation of soil bacteria, [21].
• Serological tests, separation of varieties of B. radicicola by, [48].
• Slugs, see [Mollusca].
• Smuts, [119].
• Snails, see [Mollusca].
• Soil; comparison of, by volume, [17]; effect of depth below surface on algæ, [101], [104], [109], [110], [113]; effect of depth below surface on insects, [151]; effect of depth below surface on fungi, [121], [126], [127]; effect of various treatments on fungi, [126], [127], [132]; environmental factors in, [16]; inoculation of, for leguminous plants, [50]; moisture (see [Water supply]); population, control of, [177 sqq.]; population, methods of investigation, [10], [15]; sterilisation and fungi, [137], [138], [141] (see [Partial Sterilisation]); stored, survival of algæ in, [107]; type and fungi, [121], [126], [127].
• Soil conditions, effect on bacteria, [33], [36], [37], [40], [46], [48], [50], [59 sqq.]; effect on protozoa, [82].
• Soil fertility, see [Fertility of soil].
• Spicaria, [120].
• Spiders, see [Areinida].
• Spirochæta cytophaga, [28], [43].
• Spore forming bacteria in soil, [23], [34].
• Spore, fungus, inhibition of formation, [123]; presence in air of, [118].
• Standardisation of cultural methods for soil bacteria, [54 sqq.]
• Starch, decomposition of, by fungi, [134].
• Stichococcus, [108].
• Straw; effect on nitrate production in soil, [33]; manure, [29]; rotting of, [30].
• Sulphur oxidation, by bacteria, [37]; by fungi, [139].
• Symbiosis, of Azotobacter with other organisms, [42], [43], see also [Mycorrhiza] and [Nodule organism].
• Symphyla, [150], [151], [157].
• Symploca, [112].
• Tachinidæ, [150].
• Tannins, used by fungi, [134].
• Temperature of soil and fungi, [127], [140].
• Termites, [160].
• Testacella, [149].
• Thiospirillum, [37].
• Thysanura, [154].
• Thysanoptera, [154].
• Tipula, [150].
• Toluene, decomposition by soil bacteria, [31].
• Tolypothrix, [112].
• Trichoderma, [119], [120], [122], [134].
• Trochiscia, [105].
• Tropisms, [157].
• Ulothrix, [105].
• Ulotrichales, [100].
• Urea, by fungi, [136], [138].
• Uric acid, utilisation of, by fungi, [138].
• Vaucheria, [104], [106].
• Vitality, retention of, by algæ and moss protonema, [105], [107].
• Water; supply in soil, [17]; and algæ, [112]; bacteria, [50], [61], [82]; fungi, [127]; protozoa, [82].
• Wireworms, [155].
• Wood, decay of, [134].
• Woodlice, [150]; (see also [Isopoda]).
• Yeasts, [138].
• Zygnema, [104].
• Zygorrhynchus mœlleri, [119], [120], [121].

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, ABERDEEN

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Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistent and archaic or unusual spelling, capitalisation, italicisation, hyphenation, etc. have been retained, unless mentioned below. The names and classifications of the organisms as used in the book do not always conform to modern names and classifications; these have not been changed.

Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all elements may display as intended.

Page 14, table, lower right hand cell: the data given add up to 8, not to 9.

Page 47, ·9 × ·18 in size: the source document does not include the units; presumably the sizes are in microns.