Animal intelligence: Experimental studies - Edward L. Thorndike

[43] In Essays Philosophical and Psychological in Honor of William James, pp. 591-599.

[44] Professor Smith’s own experiments illustrate this.

[45] Biological Lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Holl, 1898, p. 323 ff.

[46] This chapter appeared originally in the Popular Science Monthly, Nov., 1901.

INDEX

Abstraction, [120].
See also [Reasoning].
Action-system, importance of the study of the, [15 f.];
of monkeys, [190 f.], [237].
Anecdotal school in animal psychology, [23 ff.], [151 f.]
Apparatus, descriptions of, [29 ff.], [56 ff.], [61 f.], [169 f.], [177 ff.], [196 ff.]
Assimilation, [249 f.]
Association, as a problem in animal psychology, [20 ff.];
by similarity, [116 ff.];
complexity of, [132 ff.];
conditions of, [43 ff.];
delicacy of, [128 ff.], [195 ff.];
development of, in the animal kingdom, [285 ff.];
in cats, [38 ff.];
in chicks, [63 f.];
in dogs, [56 ff.];
in fishes, [169 ff.];
in man, [123 ff.], [127], [285];
in monkeys, [182 ff.], [194 f.], [209 ff.];
in relation to attention, [44 ff.];
to individual differences, [52 ff.];
to inhibition, [142 ff.];
to instincts, [36 f.], [142 ff.];
to previous experience, [48 ff.];
number of connections formed by, [135 ff.];
permanence of connections formed by, [138 ff.], [194 f.], [203 f.];
progress of, measurable by time-curves, [28], [40], [42];
the mental fact in, [98 ff.];
without ideas, [101 f.], [127], [209 ff.]
See also [Associations] and [Learning].
Associations, complexity, [132 ff.];
delicacy, [128 ff.], [195 ff.];
number, [121], [135 ff.];
permanence, [138 ff.], [194 f.], [203 f.]
Associative memory. See [Association].
Attention, [144 ff.];
and association, [44 ff.];
to imposed movements, [103 ff.]
Behavior, acquired tendencies to, [244 ff.] (see also [Association]);
evolution of, [272 ff.];
general laws of, [241 ff.];
indefiniteness of the term, [5];
of cats, [35 ff.], [88 f.], and passim;
of chicks, [63 f.], [138], [143 f.], [156 ff.], and passim;
of dogs, [59 ff.], [92 ff.];
of fishes, [169 ff.];
of monkeys, [182 ff.];
original tendencies to, [242 f.] (see also [Instincts]);
predictability of, [241 f.];
proposed simplification of the laws of, [265 ff.];
versus consciousness as an object of study, [1 ff.]
See also [Association], [Instincts], [Learning], [Memory], etc.
Bosworth, F. D., [240].
Cats, associative processes in, [35 ff.];
imitation in, [85 ff.];
the presence of ideas in, [100 ff.];
reasoning in, [67 ff.]
Chicks, associative processes in, [61 ff.];
imitation in, [81 ff.];
instincts of, [156 ff.]
Complexity, of associations, [132 ff.]
Concepts, [116 ff.]
Connection-systems, action of, in association, [246 ff.], [266];
importance of the study of, [16 f.]
Consciousness, amenability of, to scientific study, [7 ff.];
as pure experience, [13 f.];
as studied by the one who has or is it, [10 ff.];
of animals, [25 f.], [67 ff.], [98 ff.], [123], [146 f.], and passim;
social, [146 f.];
space-relations of, [14];
versus behavior as an object of study, [1 ff.]
Coördinations, of chicks, [160 ff.]
Dean, B., [161].
Delicacy of association, [128 ff.], [195 ff.]
Dewey, J., [6].
Differences, between species of animals in the associative processes, [64 ff.]
Discomfort, as an influence in learning, [245 ff.]
Discrimination, in cats and dogs, [128 ff.];
in chicks, [156 ff.];
in monkeys, [195 ff.]
Dogs, associative processes in, [56 ff.];
imitation in, [91 ff.];
the presence of ideas in, [115 f.];
reasoning in, [67 ff.]
Education, applications of animal psychology in, [149 f.]
Effect, the law of, [244 f.], [266 ff.]
Emotional reactions of chicks, [162 ff.]
Evolution, of behavior, [272 ff.];
of human intellect, [282 ff.];
of ideas, [289 ff.]
Exercise, the law of, [244 f.]
Experience, the influence of previous, [48 ff.]
Experiments, need of, in animal psychology, [26];
with cats, [35 ff.], [85 ff.], [103 ff.], [111 f.], [114 f.], [129 ff.], [138 f.];
with chicks, [61 ff.], [81 ff.], [132], [136], [143 f.], [156 ff.];
with dogs, [56 ff.], [91 ff.], [103 ff.], [115 f.];
with fishes, [169 ff.];
with monkeys, [176-235], passim.
Fears, of chicks, [162 ff.]
Fishes, experiments with, [169 ff.]
Galton, F., [3].
Habit. See [Association].
Hall, G. S., [3].
Human. See [Man].
Hunger, effect of, on animal learning, [27 f.]
Hunt, H. E., [163].
Ideas, development of, [121 f.], [289 ff.];
existence of, as adjuncts in animal learning, [108 ff.], [189 ff.], [206 ff.], [222 ff.];
impotence of, to create connections, [257 ff.]
Ideo-motor action, [257 ff.]
Images, [108 f.] See also [Ideas].
Imitation, analysis of the supposed effects of, [251 ff.];
in cats, [85 ff.];
in chicks, [81 ff.];
in dogs, [91 ff.];
in general, [76 ff.], [94 ff.];
in monkeys, [96], [211 ff.], [219 ff.];
in speech, [253 ff.]
Impulses, as features of the associative processes, [100 ff.];
defined, [37].
Incubation, the instinct of, [276 ff.]
Individual differences in association, [52 ff.]
Inhibition of instincts by association, [142 ff.]
Instincts, as explanations of some cases of supposed imitation, [251];
inhibition of, [142 ff.];
of chicks, [156 ff.];
of incubation, [276 ff.];
of monkeys, [237];
the starting-point of animal learning, [36 f.]
Intellect. See [Association], [Ideas], [Imitation], [Memory], [Reasoning], etc.
Interaction, [147 f.]
Introspection, the over-emphasis of, [3].
James, W., [3], [120], [143], [286].
Jennings, H. S., [267], [268], [269], [270], [274], [279].
Kline, L. W., [173].
Language, [253 ff.]
Learning, evolution of, [278 ff.];
methods of, [174 f.]
See [Association], [Behavior], [Ideas], [Imitation], [Reasoning].
Lubbock, J., [240].
Man, compared with lower animals in intellect, [123 ff.], [239 f.];
mental evolution of, [282 ff.]
Memory, [108 f.], [138 ff.], [203].
See [Association] and [Permanence of associations].
Methods in animal psychology, [22 ff.]
Mills, W., [191].
Monkeys, [172 ff.];
associative processes in, [182 ff.];
differences from lower mammals, [189 ff.], [204 ff.], [237 ff.];
general mental development of, [236 ff.];
imitation of man by, [211 ff.];
imitation of other monkeys by, [219 ff.];
possible mental degeneracy of, [151];
presence of ideas in, [189 ff.], [206 ff.], [222 ff.];
reasoning in, [184 ff.]
Morgan, C. L., [3], [80], [99 f.], [101], [119], [120], [125 f.], [146], [147], [162], [165 f.]
Motives, used in the experiments, [26 ff.];
defined, [38].
Number of associations, [135 ff.];
as a cause of the development of free ideas, [121 f.]
Peckham, G. W. and E. G., [240].
Pecking, accuracy of, in chicks, [159 f.]
Pedagogy, applications of animal psychology to, [149 f.]
Permanence of associations, [138 ff.], [203].
Predictability of behavior, [241 f.]
Primates. See [Monkeys].
Reasoning, [118 f.];
and free ideas, [291 ff.];
as a consequence of the laws of exercise and effect, [263 ff.];
in cats and dogs, [67 ff.];
in monkeys, [184 ff.]
Recepts, [120].
Resolution, Jennings’ law of, [267 ff.]
Responses to situations as the general form of behavior, [242 ff.], [283 f.]
Romanes, G. J., [68 f.], [70], [80].
Santayana, G., [6], [18 f.]
Satisfaction, the influence of, in learning, [147 f.], [244 f.];
the nature of, [245 f.]
Situation and response as the general form of behavior, [242 ff.], [283 ff.]
Small, W. S., [173].
Smith, S., [269 f.], [280].
Social consciousness of animals, [146 f.]
Spalding, D. A., [162], [163], [165].
Stout, G. F., [3].
Swimming, by chicks, [161 f.]
Time of achievement as a measure of the closeness of association, [28], [40], [42], [54].
Time-curves, [38 ff.], [57 ff.], [65], [185 f.];
as evidence against the existence of reasoning, [73 f.]
Titchener, E. B., [2].
Vigor, as a factor in learning, [46].
Whitman, C. O., [275 ff.]
Yerkes, R. M., [240].

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