Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A study in imperialism

by Edward Mead Earle

[3] The texts of the various treaties of capitulation may be found in G. E. Noradounghian (ed.), Recueil d’actes internationaux de l’Empire ottoman, 1300–1902 (4 volumes, Paris, 1897–1903), Volume I, documents numbers 153, 170, 196, 201, etc., ad lib., Volume II, numbers 499, 593, etc., ad lib.; also Recueil des traités de la Porte ottomane avec les puissances étrangères, 1536–1901 (10 volumes, Paris, 1864–1901), passim; E. A. Van Dyck, Report on the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, Forty-seventh Congress, Special Session, Senate Executive Document No. 3, First Session, Senate Executive Document No. 87 (Washington, 1881–1882); G. Pelissie du Rausas, Le régime des capitulations dans l’Empire ottoman (2 volumes, Paris, 1902–1905); A. R. von Overbeck, Die Kapitulationen des osmanischen Reiches (Breslau, 1917); W. Lehman, Die Kapitulationen (Weimar, 1917); P. M. Brown, Foreigners in Turkey, Their Juridical Status (Princeton, 1914).

[4] For an account of the establishment, functions, and operation of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, cf. George Young (ed.), Corps de droit ottoman—Recueil des codes, lois, réglements, ordonnances, et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (7 volumes, Oxford, 1905–1906), Volume V, Chapter LXXXV; A. Heidborn, Manuel de droit public et administratif de l’Empire ottoman (2 volumes, Vienna, 1912), Volume II; C. Morawitz, Les finances de Turquie (Paris, 1902); A. du Velay, Essai sur l’histoire financière de la Turquie (Paris, 1903), Parts V and VI; L. Delaygue, Essai sur les finances ottomanes (Paris, 1911).

[5] There were a few factories erected in Turkey by foreign capitalists, notably those of the Oriental Carpet Manufacturers, Ltd., the American Tobacco Company, and the Deutsche-Levantischen Baumwollgesellschaft. In general, however, the factory and the factory town were not common phenomena in Asiatic Turkey. An interesting account of the effects of the Industrial Revolution upon economic conditions in Turkey is that of Talcott Williams, Turkey a World Problem of Today (Garden City, 1921), pp. 268 et seq.; W. S. Monroe, Turkey and the Turks: an Account of the Lands, Peoples and Institutions of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1909), Chapter X; M. J. Garnett, Turkish Life in Town and Country (London, 1904).

[6] J. E. Spurr (ed.), Political and Commercial Geology (New York, 1921), pp. 109, 115–116, 172–173, 184–185; Anatolia, No. 17 in a series of handbooks published by the Historical Section of the Foreign Office (London, 1920), pp. 88–90.

[7] Spurr, op. cit., pp. 358–359; Armenia and Kurdistan, No. 62 of the Foreign Office Handbooks, p. 60; L. Dominian, “The Mineral Wealth of Asia Minor,” in The Near East, May 26, 1916, p. 91; E. Banse, Auf den Spuren der Bagdadbahn (Weimar, 1913), pp. 140–145; L. de Launay, La Géologie et les richesses minerales de l’Asie (Paris, 1911); R. Fitzner, Anatolien, Wirtschaftsgeographie (Berlin, 1902); P. Rohrbach, Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung Westasiens (Halle, 1902); G. Carles, La Turquie économique (Paris, 1906); E. Mygind, “Anatolien und seine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung,” in Die Balkan Revue, Volume 4 (1917), pp. 1–6.

[8] L. Dominian, “Fuel in Turkey: an Analysis of Coal Deposits,” in The Near East, June 23, 1916, pp. 186–187; J. Kirsopp, “The Coal Resources of the Near East,” ibid., October 10, 1919, pp. 393–394.

[9] F. Maunsell, “The Mesopotamian Petroleum Field,” in the Geographical Journal, Volume IX (1897), pp. 523–532; L. Dominian, “Fuel in Turkey: Petroleum,” in The Near East, July 14, 1917; Mesopotamia, No. 63 of the Foreign Office Handbooks, pp. 34, 85–86; Syria and Palestine, No. 60 of the Foreign Office Handbooks, p. 111.

[10] Parliamentary Papers, 1921, Cmd. 675; The Near East, October 26, 1917, p. 516.

[11] Die Bagdadbahn (1903), pp. 26–28.

[12] Parliamentary Papers, 1921, Cmd. 675. For some reason or other this option was allowed to lapse.