Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A study in imperialism

by Edward Mead Earle

[31] British intrenchment in Mesopotamia, 1917–1920, is described in the following: “Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 1061 (1920); R. Thomas, Report on Cotton Experimental Work in Mesopotamia (Bagdad, 1919); “Cotton Growing in Mesopotamia,” Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, Volume 18 (London, 1920), pp. 73–82; Mesopotamia as a Country for Future Development (Cairo, Ministry of Public Works, 1919); “Transportation and Irrigation in Mesopotamia,” Commerce Reports, No. 50 (Washington, 1919), pp. 948–954; Sir H. P. Hewett, Some Impressions of Mesopotamia (London, 1919); C. R. Wimshurst, The Wheats and Barleys of Mesopotamia (Basra, 1920); Review of the Civil Administration of the Occupied Territories of Irak (Bagdad, 1918); L. J. Hall, Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia (London, 1921); Sir Mark Sykes, The Commercial Future of Bagdad (London, 1917); “Turkish Rule and British Administration in Mesopotamia,” in The Quarterly Review, Volume 232 (1919), pp. 401 et seq.; W. Ormsby Gore, “The Organization of British Responsibilities in the Middle East,” in Journal of the Central Asian Society, Volume 7 (1920), pp. 83–105; I. A. Shah, “The Colonization of Mesopotamia,” in United Service Magazine, Volume 179 (1919), pp. 350 et seq.

[32] Townshend, op. cit., pp. 375 et seq.; Djemal Pasha, op. cit., Chapter VII; Current History, Volume XII (1920), pp. 117–118; A. D. C. Russell, loc. cit., pp. 325 et seq.; F. C. Endres, Der Weltkrieg der Türkei (Berlin, 1919).

[33] Regarding General Allenby’s campaigns in Palestine and Syria, see: H. Pirie-Gordon, A Brief Record of the Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (London, 1919); W. T. Massey, Allenby’s Final Triumph (London, 1920); C. C. R. Murphy, Soldiers of the Prophet (London, 1921); H. O. Lock, The Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries (New York, 1921); R. E. C. Adams, The Modern Crusaders (London, 1920); H. Dinning, Nile to Aleppo: With the Light Horse in the Near East (London, 1920); P. E. White, The Disintegration of the Turkish Empire (London, 1920); C. T. Atkinson, “General Liman von Sanders and His Experiences in Palestine,” Army Quarterly, Volume 3 (London, 1922), pp. 257–275; A. Aaronsohn, Mit der türkischen Armee in Palästina (Berne, 1918); J. Bourelly, Campagne d’Égypte et de Syrie contre les Turcs (Paris, 1919); G. Gautherot, La France en Syrie et en Cilicie (Paris, 1920); C. Stiénon, Les campagnes d’Orient et les intérêts de l’entente (Paris, 1918), and La défense de l’Orient et le rôle de l’Angleterre (Paris, 1918); A. Mandelstamm, Le sort de l’Empire Ottoman (Paris, 1917); G. A. Schreiner, From Berlin to Bagdad: Behind the Scenes in the Near East (New York, 1918).

[34] H. Charles Woods, The Cradle of the War, p. 271.

[35] See a suggestive article by Hilaire Belloc, “Europe’s New Paths of Empire,” in Our World (New York), October, 1922, pp. 41–46; The Evening Post (New York), January 3 and March 27, 1919.

[36] The Treaty of Peace with Germany, Articles 155, 258, 260, 261, 297.

[37] “Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Signed at Sèvres August 10, 1920,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 964, Treaty Series No. 11, 1920; “Tripartite Agreement Between the British Empire, France, and Italy, Respecting Anatolia, Signed at Sèvres, August 10, 1920,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 963, Treaty Series No. 12, 1920. An official summary of the Sèvres treaty was published in The Nation (New York), International Relations Section, Volume 111 (1920), pp. 21–28, and in Current History, Volume XIII (1921), pp. 164–184. An excellent discussion of the main provisions of the treaty and its probable effects is to be found in Bowman’s The New World, Chapters XXIV and XXVI.

[38] Regarding the negotiations at the Paris Conference by which the claims of Italy were disregarded in favor of those of Greece, cf. Baker, op. cit., Volume II, Chapter XXXII, and Volume III, Documents Nos. 1, 31–41.

[39] Preamble to the Tripartite Agreement of August 10, 1920.

[40] Regarding the Turkish Nationalist movement, see: Major General James G. Harbord, “Mustapha Kemal Pasha and His Party,” in the World’s Work, Volume 36 (London, 1920), pp. 470–482; M. Paillarès La kémalisme devant les Alliés (Paris, 1922); “The Recovery of the Sick Man of Europe,” an excellent review, with a colored map, in the Literary Digest, November 11, 1922, pp. 17 et seq.; M. K. Zia Bey, “How the Turks Feel,” in Asia, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 857 et seq., and “The New Turkish Democracy,” in The Nation, Volume 115 (New York, 1922), pp. 546–548; Major General Sir Charles Townshend, “Great Britain and the Turks,” in Asia, Volume XXII (1922), pp. 949–953; Clair Price, “Mustapha Kemal and the Angora Government,” in Current History, Volume XVI (1922), pp. 790–800; Ludwell Denny, “The Turk Comes Back,” in The Nation, Volume 115 (1922), pp. 575–577; “The New Epoch in Turkey,” in the Muslim Standard (London), November 9, 1922.