[28] Annual Register, 1898, pp. 257–258.
[29] Ibid., p. 261. Regarding the French protectorate of Catholics in the Near East cf. infra, Chapter VII.
[30] “La Politique Allemande et le Protectorat des Missions Catholiques,” in Revue des deux mondes, Volume 149 (1898), pp. 8–9.
[31] L. Bertrand, “Les Écoles d’Orient: I. Les Écoles Chrétiennes et Israelites,” in Revue des deux mondes, Volume 52, new series (1909), pp. 755–794; H. M. Kallen, Zionism and World Politics (Garden City, N. Y., 1921), pp. 117 et seq.; A. Paquet, Die jüdische Kolonien in Palästina (Weimar, 1915); M. Blanckenhorn, Syrien und die deutsche Arbeit (Weimar, 1916), pp. 26–30; C. Nawratzki, Die jüdische Kolonisation Palästinas (Munich, 1914); M. Franco, Essai sur l’histoire des juifs de l’empire ottoman depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours (Paris, 1897); G. Corneilhan, La judaisme en Egypte et en Syrie (Paris, 1889).
[32] German World Policies, pp. 229–231. On this same general subject consult an article by “Immanuel,” entitled “Die Bagdadbahn ein Kulturwerk in Asien,” in Globus, Volume 81 (1902), pp. 181–185; M. Hartmann, Islam, Mission, Politik (Leipzig, 1912). It should be pointed out that the Anatolian Railway itself established two schools, at Haidar Pasha and Eski Shehr, for the instruction of its employees in German and other subjects. Bohler, loc. cit., p. 275.
[33] That Germans were not unfamiliar with the spectacular history of this region is evidenced by the popularity of General von Moltke’s writings on Turkey, which were published in several large editions, apart from his collected works, between 1900 and 1911. Cf., e.g., H. K. B. (Graf von) Moltke, Briefe über Zustände und Begebenheiten in der Türkei aus den Jahren 1835 bis 1839, seventh edition, with explanatory notes by G. Hirschfeld (Berlin, 1911). Of this work H. S. Wilkinson, Professor of Military History at Oxford University, wrote in the Encyclopedia Britannica (eleventh edition), “No other book gives so deep an insight into the character of the Turkish Empire” (Volume 18, p. 678). It is interesting to note, also, that Moltke himself was a firm believer in the great military utility of all railways. For the history of the Near East cf. Jastrow, op. cit., pp. 31–81; A. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East (fourth edition, London, 1919), Chapters V, VIII, IX, X, XII; W. A. and E. T. A. Wigram, The Cradle of Mankind (London, 1914). A curious sidelight on this phase of the question is the assertion of Baron von Hertling, in 1907, that Germany’s chief interest in the Bagdad Railway was scientific—geographic, geological, archæological—not military or economic! Quoted by Dawson, The Evolution of Modern Germany, p. 346.
[34] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 266 (1911), p. 5980c.
[35] Karl Maximilan, sixth Prince, Lichnowsky (1860- ) had been a member of the German diplomatic service since his youth. He was attached to the embassy at London when he was but twenty-five and later served at Constantinople, Bucharest, and Vienna and in the Foreign Office at Berlin. He resigned in 1904 to devote himself to the management of his large estates in Silesia, but he was recalled in 1912 to become German ambassador to Great Britain, succeeding Baron Marschall von Bieberstein, who had died after only a few months’ service at his new post. Prince Lichnowsky’s memorandum My London Mission, 1912–1914 was written only to justify the Prince before a small circle of his acquaintances. Fugitive copies reached the press, however, and the full text was published in the Berlin Börsen-Courier of March 21, 1918. The quotations here given are from the translation of Munroe Smith, The Disclosures from Germany (New York, 1918).
[36] The Disclosures from Germany, pp. 37–41, 127.
[37] Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 226 (1911), p. 5980c. Cf., also, W. H. Dawson, The Evolution of Modern Germany, pp. 346 et seq.