Martin Van Buren

by Edward Morse Shepard

his character, nominated for president against Madison, [58];
breaks relations with Van Buren, [63], [64];
removed from mayoralty of New York, [64];
secures passage of law establishing Erie Canal, [65];
supported in this by Van Buren, [65];
thanks Van Buren, [66];
elected governor, [66];
reëlected in 1820, [73];
accuses Monroe's administration of interfering in state election, [75];
supports Jackson, [109], [156];
complimented by Jackson, [109];
his position in New York politics as canal commissioner, [109];
removed by enemies in legislature, [110];
regains popularity, elected governor, [110];
his death, his character, [147];
eulogy of Van Buren upon, [148].
Clinton, George, his separatist attitude toward Constitution, [5];
leads Republican party in New York, [40];
his career as governor of New York, [40];
declines nomination in 1795, [41];
reëlected in 1801, [41];
later aspirations, [41];
supplants Burr in vice-presidency, [43];
attacked by Van Ness, [43];
leads faction of Republicans, [44];
his friends excluded by Hamilton from federal offices, [46];
presides over council of appointment of 1801, [48], [49];
protests against proscription of Federalists, [50].
Clintonians, faction of New York Democrats, [40], [41];
quarrel with Livingstonians, [44];
control regular party caucus, [45];
gain control of council of appointment, [45];
remove Livingstonians from office, [51];
lose and regain offices, [52];
nominate and cast New York electoral vote for De Witt Clinton, [58];
favor Erie Canal, [65];
opposed by Bucktail faction, [67];
joined by majority of Federalists, [73];
defeated in election of 1820, [73];
oppose election of Van Buren to Senate, [76];
join Bucktails in Democratic party, [158].
Cobb, Thomas W., laments absence of principles in campaign of 1824, [108].
Coddington, ——, refusal of Van Buren to appoint to office, [173].
Coleman, William, friend of Hamilton, removed from office by Republicans, [50].
Comet case, urged by Van Buren in England, [229].
Compromise of 1850, its effect on Northern Democrats, [435];
its futility, [435];
defended by John Van Buren, [439], [440].
Constitution, federal, circumstances preceding its formation, [4];
its development by Federalists, [4], [5];
and internal improvements, [96], [132], [201];
proposal of Van Buren to amend in this respect, [97], [98];
and protection, [101];
proposal of Van Buren to amend in election of president by electors, [104-106], [133], [134];
attitude of Adams concerning, causes division of parties, [121], [122];
in relation to Panama congress, [126];
the bank, [145], [203];
distribution of surplus, [265];
its relation to slavery in the States, [272];
to slavery in Territories, [426], [444];
in Dred Scott case, [441].
Constitutional convention of New York, its membership, [77];
its work, [77];
debate on necessity of a landed suffrage, [77-80];
on appointments to office, [81], [82];
abolishes council of revision, [82], [84];
removes judges from office, [85].
Crawford, William H., supported by New York Republicans against Monroe in 1816, [75];
the "regular" candidate of party in 1824, [94], [95];
supported by Van Buren, [95];
opposes tariff of 1824, [103];
his caucus nomination denounced by King, [105];
reasons for his popularity, his career, [106], [107];
nominated by caucus, [114];
his connection with four-year-term act, [139];
leaves public life, [157];
his followers join Jackson's, [157];
visited by Van Buren, [157];
willing to support Jackson, but not Calhoun, [157];
supports Jackson against Calhoun in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
describes Calhoun's attitude to Jackson, [186].
Crockett, Davy, his scurrilous life of Van Buren, [256];
his defense of the Alamo, [358].
Croswell, Edwin, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Cumberland road, Monroe's veto of bill to erect toll-gates upon, [95];
further debates upon, [96], [132].
Cushing, Caleb, denounces Van Buren's
policy in 1837, [336].
Dade, Major Francis, massacred by Seminoles, [366].
Dallas, George M., nominated for vice-president, [411].
Debt, imprisonment for, attempts to abolish, [26], [27], [98], [116], [142].
Democratic party, its relations with Van Buren, [2];
in recent years loses Jeffersonian ideals, [12];
share of Van Buren in forming, [118], [119];
its opposition to Adams justifiable, [119];
caused by Adams's loose constitutional policy, [121], [122];
its policy not factious, [123];
created in debate on Panama congress, [130], [131];
drilled by Van Buren in opposing internal improvements, [131], [132], [142];
its principles stated by Van Buren, [145], [153];
does not yet clearly hold them, [154];
united by Jackson's personality, [155];
different elements in, harmonized by Van Buren, [157];
its opposition to Adams and Clay not causeless, but praiseworthy, [159-161];
significance of its victory, [162];
erroneous descriptions of its administration, [177], [178];
discussion in, over succession to Jackson, [185];
break in, between Calhoun and Van Buren, [191];
Van Buren's resignation from State Department in order not to hurt, [195];
demands offices, [208-212];
enraged at rejection of Van Buren's nomination, [234];
rejects desire of New York to elect him governor, [236];
meets in national convention of 1832, [237];
not forced to adopt Van Buren, [237], [238];
requires two-thirds majority to nominate, [238];
nominates Van Buren for vice-presidency, [239];
avoids adopting a platform, [239];
fears to alienate believers in tariff and internal improvements, [240];
Van Buren's nomination the natural result of circumstances, [240], [241];
successful in election of 1832, [247], [248];
secession of Southwestern members from, [256], [257];
holds its national convention in 1835, [257];
action of party in calling convention defended, [258], [259];
adopts two-thirds rule, [259];
nominates Van Buren and Rives, [259];
Southwestern members of, nominate White and Tyler, [260];
elects Van Buren, [279], [280];
members of, urge Jackson to approve distribution bill, [302];
upholds specie circular during panic, [322], [323];
defeated in elections of 1837, [337], [342];
members of, desert independent treasury bill, [338];
rejoined by Calhoun, [340], [341];
faction of, joins Whigs in opposing Van Buren, [347];
regains ground in election of 1838, [362], [363];
its national convention despondent, [379];
its principles, [379];
declares against abolitionists, [379];
its address to the people, [379], [380];
cried down in election of 1840, [386];
badly defeated in 1840, [390], [391];
significance of defeat, [399];
bound to continue support of Van Buren, [399], [401];
its nomination desired by Tyler, [402];
its delegates to national convention instructed to nominate Van Buren, [404];
majority of, desires annexation of Texas, [405];
national convention of, [408-411];
debate in, between Southern and Northern members, [408], [409];
adopts two-thirds rule, [409];
nominates Polk over Van Buren, [410], [411];
successful in election, [412], [413];
compliments Van Buren on honorable retirement, [414];
at national convention of 1848 wishes to include both New York factions, [424];
nominates Cass, [424];
its rage at Free-soil secession, [429], [430];
defeated in election, [432];
impossibility of its pardoning Van Buren, [434];
nominates Pierce, [439];
nominates Buchanan, [441].
Democratic party, in New York, supports Jackson, [158];
nominates and elects Van Buren governor, [166];
sends address to Jackson on Van Buren's rejection by Senate as minister to England, [234];
proposes to elect Van Buren governor or send him to Senate, [236];
Loco-foco faction in, [342-344];
on reconciliation with Loco-focos, name transferred to whole party, [344], [345];
offers Forrest nomination to Congress, [361];
favors literary men, [361], [362];
loses ground in elections of 1838, [363];
welcomes Van Buren's visit, [369];
continues, in 1839, to regain ground, [370];
its action in convention of 1844, [408-411];
held in support of Polk by Van Buren and Wright, [412], [413];
divides into Hunkers and Barnburners, [415-425];
reunited in 1849-1850, [435].
Denny, Thomas, with Henry Parrish and others, on committee of New York merchants to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Derby, Earl of, compared as parliamentarian to Van Buren, [123].
De Tocqueville, Alexis de, on lawyers in America, [35].
Dickerson, Mahlon, condemns too much diplomacy, [129];
votes against Panama congress, [131];
supports tariff of 1828, [143];
secretary of navy under Van Buren, [283];
resigns, [360].
Dickinson, Daniel S., at Democratic Convention of 1844, [408], [411];
leads Hunkers, [415];
uses federal patronage against Barnburners, [417];
suggests idea of squatter sovereignty, [422];
supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Diplomatic history, conduct of State Department by Van Buren, [215];
negotiations leading to payment of French spoliation claims, [216];
payment of Danish spoliation claims, [217];
other commercial treaties, [217];
negotiations relative to British West India trade, [217-222];
Gallatin's mission to England, [219];
American claims abandoned by Van Buren, [220];
mutual concessions open trade, [222];
Van Buren's mission to England, [224-228];
rejection of Texas treaty, [413].
Disraeli, Benjamin, his Jingo policy compared to Clay's and Adams's, [126].
District of Columbia, question of abolition of slavery in, raised, [272], [273];
general understanding that this was impossible, [273], [274];
opinion of Van Buren concerning, [274], [275].
Dix, John A., his desire to be one of Albany Regency, [112];
at Democratic convention of 1840, [379];
leads Barnburners, [415];
praised by Utica convention of 1847, [423];
accepts Free-soil nomination for governor, [429];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Dix, Dr. Morgan, describes honesty of Albany Regency, [112].
Dodge, Henry, nominated by Barnburners for vice-presidency, [427];
declines to abandon Cass, [427].
Douglas, Stephen A., supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Dudley, Charles E., member of Albany Regency, [111];
offers to surrender seat in Senate to Van Buren, [236].
Duer, John, refusal of Van Buren to secure his removal from office, [209].
Duer, William, joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
Durham, Earl of, sent to Canada, his character, [355];
his successful rule, [355];
recalled, [356];
declines invitation to visit Washington, [356].
Dutch, in New York, Americanized in eighteenth century, [14].
Eaton, John H., supports tariff of 1828, [143];
secretary of war, [179];
marries Peggy Timberlake, [181];
repeats remarks about Calhoun to Jackson, [186];
resigns secretaryship,199;
succeeds Barry as minister to Spain, [199];
opposes Van Buren in 1840, [387].
Eaton, Mrs. "Peggy," scandals concerning, [181];
upheld by Jackson, [181], [182];
ostracized by Washington society, [182];
treated politely by Van Buren, [183], [184].
Eden, Joseph, in suit for Medcef Eden's property, [28].
Eden, Medcef, suit concerning his will, [28-30].
Edmonds, John W., issues circular opposing Texas but supporting Polk, [415].
Election of 1824, nominations for, discussed in Senate, [105];
candidates for, [106-109];
lack of principles in, [108];
nomination of Crawford by caucus, [114];
action of Adams men in New York throws out Clay, [115];
discussion of outcome of vote in House, [116];
its result used in 1828 to condemn Adams, [164].
Election of 1828, a legitimate canvass, [153];
broad principles at stake in, [153], [154];
propriety of opposition to Adams and Clay, [159], [160];
founds principles of both parties until present day, [161];
saves country from dangers of centralization, [162];
slanderous character of, [162], [163];
the cry of corrupt bargain, [163];
the "demos krateo" cry legitimate, [165], [166].
Ellmaker, Amos, nominated for vice-president by anti-Masons, [246].
Ely, Rev. Dr. Ezra S., bitter letter of Jackson to, on clergy, [181].
Emmett, Thomas Addis, attorney-general of New York, [23].
England, lawyers not leaders in, [33];
political prejudice in, against lawyers, [33];
demands land-holding class as leaders, [34];
considers offices as property, [55];
unpopularity of political coalitions in, [116], [164];
attempts to exclude Americans from trade with West Indies, [217], [218];
offers trade upon conditions, [218];
on failure of United States to comply, prohibits trade, [218];
counter-claims of United States against, [219];
claims against, abandoned by Van Buren, [219], [222];
agrees to reciprocal concessions, [222];
Van Buren minister to, [224];
popularity of Irving in, [225];
social life of Van Buren in, [226-228];
its indifference to colonial grievances, [350];
votes to tax Canada without reference to colonial legislatures, [351];
sends Durham to remedy grievances, [356];
recalls him, [356];
second money stringency in, [371].
Erie Canal, agitation for, [65];
favored by Van Buren, [65], [66].
Federalist party, its influence on development of United States government, [5];
despises common people, [38];
only example of a destroyed party, [38];
deserves its fate, [38], [39];
continues to struggle in New York, [39];
aids Burr against Republicans, [43];
supports Lewis against Clintonians, [44];
begins spoils system in New York, [47];
aids Livingstonians to turn out Clintonian officers, [51], [52];
supports De Witt Clinton for president, [59];
controls New York Assembly, [60];
hinders war measures, [61];
struggles for control of New York legislature in 1816, [64];
defeated in elections, [65];
expires in 1820, [72], [88];
divides between Clintonians and Bucktails, [73];
position under Monroe, [89];
its career used by Van Buren to discredit J. Q. Adams, [128], [145], [146].
Fellows, Henry, his election case in 1816, [64].
Fillmore, Millard, signs compromise bills, [435], [437];
Whig candidate in 1856, [445];
an accidental president, [463].
Field, David Dudley, issues circular against Texas but supporting Polk, [415];
offers anti-slavery resolution in New York Democratic convention, [418];
reads Van Buren's letter to Utica convention, [425].
Financial history, removal of deposits from the bank, [249-251];
exaggerated results of the withdrawal, [252-254];
real unwisdom of "pet bank" policy, [254];
causes of panic of 1837, [287-316];
financial depression after war of 1812, [287], [288];
land speculations, [291-294];
large foreign investments, [293];
discussion of "pet bank" policy, [295];
not in any sense the cause of the panic, [295], [296];
rapid increase of government surplus, [297];
question of responsibility for speculation among politicians, [298-302];
refusal to reduce taxation, [299];
distribution of surplus, [300-302];
objections of Jackson to distribution, [301], [302];
warnings of Marcy and Jackson disregarded, [302], [303];
specie circular, [304];
demand for gold payments, [304], [305];
nature of crisis of 1837 misunderstood, [305];
class affected by it small in numbers, [306];
great mass of people unaffected, [307];
over-estimation of new lands, [308], [309];
increased luxury, [309], [310];
high prices, [310], [311];
discovery of over-valuation, [311], [312];
collapse of nominal value, [313];
folly of attempt to conceal collapse, [314];
bread riots against high prices, [315];
disturbance caused by distribution of surplus, [315], [316];
financial crisis begins in England, [316];
failures begin in New York, [316];
general collapse, [317];
specie circular held to be the cause, [317-319];
suspension of specie payments, [319], [320];
general bankruptcy, [320];
use of token currency, [323];
Van Buren's message recommending independent treasury, [327-333];
proposed remedies of Whigs, [333-337];
defeat of first sub-treasury bill, [337];
postponement of fourth installment of surplus, [338];

issue of treasury notes, [338], [339];
beneficent results of these measures, [339], [340];
preparations for resumption of specie payment, [342];
defeat of second independent treasury bill, [346];
practical existence of an independent treasury, [346];
final passage of sub-treasury bill, [347], [348];
revival of business, [348];
resumption of payments by New York banks, [348], [349];
others follow, [349];
return of confidence, [349];
continued depression in South, [370];
brief revival of land speculation, [371];
renewed collapse of Western and Southern banks, [371];
final passage of sub-treasury bill, [377].
Findlay, William, votes against Panama congress, [131].
Flagg, Azariah C., member of Albany Regency, [111];
leads Barnburners, [415];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Florida, acquired in 1819, [88];
vote of Van Buren to exclude slave trade in, [93], [94].
Floyd, John, receives South Carolina's electoral vote in 1832, [248].
Forman, Joshua, proposes safety fund for New York banks, [170].
Forrest, Edwin, declines a nomination to Congress, [361].
Forsyth, John, quotes Crawford's account of Calhoun's proposal in Monroe's cabinet to punish Jackson, [185];
refers Jackson to Crawford as authority, [186];
secretary of state, [255];
retained by Van Buren, [283].
Fox, Charles James, compared to W. B. Giles, [154].
France, urged by Jackson, agrees to pay spoliation claims, [216].
Franklin, Benjamin, his share in effort for Union, [4].
Free-soil party, loses faith in Van Buren, [3];
organized at Buffalo convention, [427];
its platform, [428];
nominates Van Buren over Hale, [428];
analysis of its vote in 1848, [431], [432];
later relations of Van Buren with, [435];
supports Hale in 1852, [439].
Fremont, John C., Van Buren's opinion of, [441];
defeated in election, [445].
"Gag" rule, approved by Van Buren, [380];
his policy justified by executive position, [381].
Gallatin, Albert, nominated for vice-president, withdraws, [114];
fails to settle West India trade question with England, [219];
agrees with Van Buren's position, [231].
Garland, Hugh A., as clerk of the House refuses to decide status of New Jersey congressmen, [375];
justification of his action, [375], [376];
denounced by Adams, [376];
reëlected clerk, [376].
Garrison, William Lloyd, on powers of Congress over slavery, [272];
his position in American history, [273].
Georgia, nominates Van Buren for vice-presidency, [108];
"Clarkite" faction in, abuses Van Buren, [108];
its conduct in Cherokee case rightly upheld by Jackson, [203], [204].
Giddings, Joshua R., anti-slavery leader, [273];
at Buffalo convention, [427].
Giles, William B., his character, [154].
Gilpin, Henry D., attorney-general under Van Buren, [393].
Gladstone, William Ewart, his shrewdness as parliamentarian, [123];
compared to Van Buren, [158] and [n.], [457];
fails to see any principle involved in Canadian question of 1837, [351], [352].
"Globe," defends Jackson, [191];
not established by Van Buren, [194];
supports hard money, loses House printing, [338].
Goschen, George Joachim, his career shows danger of coalitions, [164].
Gouverneur, ——, postmaster in New York city, refuses to forward anti-slavery papers to Charleston, South Carolina, [276].
Granger, Francis, supported for governor of New York by Whigs and Anti-Masons, [245];
nominated for vice-president, [260].
Grant, Ulysses S., his renomination in 1872, [118].
Greeley, Horace, prefers Taylor to Van Buren in 1848, [431].
Green, Duff, editor of "The Telegraph," plans attack of Calhoun papers on Van Buren, [191].
Grosvenor, Thomas P., member of Columbia County bar, [20].
Grundy, Felix, attorney-general under Van Buren, [393].
Gwin, Samuel, letter of Van Buren to, on slavery in the States, [272].
Hale, Daniel, removed from office by New York Republicans, [50].
Hale, John P., defeated for nomination at Buffalo convention, [428];
withdraws from Liberty nomination, [431];
Free-soil candidate in 1852, [439].
Hamilton, Alexander, his aristocratic schemes defeated in Federal convention, [5];
his opinion in Medcef Eden case, [28];
killed by Burr, [29];
advises Federalists not to support Burr for governor, [43];
secures appointment of Clinton's opponents to federal offices in New York, [46];
compared as party-builder to Van Buren, [465].
Hamilton, James A., joins "Bucktails" in New York, [73];
acts as temporary secretary of state, [177];
on Calhoun's attempt to prevent Van Buren's appointment, [181];
visits Crawford in 1828, [185];
receives letter from Forsyth describing Calhoun's attitude toward Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, [185];
refuses to give letter to Jackson, [186];
letter of Van Buren to, on Jackson's principles, [200];
aids Jackson in composing messages, [205];
on Jackson's demand for subservience in associates, [206];
letter of Van Buren to, on removals, [209].
Hamilton, John C., joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
Hamlin, Hannibal, at Democratic convention of 1840, [379].
Hammond, Jabez D., quoted, [65], [68], [78], [168];
on Van Buren's trickery, [175].
Harrison, William Henry, nominated by Whigs in 1832, [260];
his answers to Williams's questions, [264];
vote for, in election, [279], [280];
renominated for president, [377];
denounced as a Federalist by Democrats, [379];
denies charge of abolitionism, [381], [382];
opposes abolition in District of Columbia, [381];
character of his speeches in the campaign, [386];
vote for, in 1840, [390], [391];
welcomed to White House by Van Buren, [394];
his death, [401];
one of the mediocrities of White House, [463].
Harvard College, confers on Jackson degree of Doctor of Laws, [255].
Hayne, Robert Y., on "era of good feeling," [88];
against tariff of 1824, [99], [100];
his arguments, [101], [102];
votes to reject Clay's nomination to State Department, [123];
on Clay's Panama scheme, [127];
protests against tariff of 1828, [144];
a leader of Senate until 1828, [148];
his debate with Webster, [188];
opposes confirmation of Van Buren as minister to England, [230].
Head, Sir Francis B., on Mackenzie as a liar, [326 n.];
as governor, refuses to placate disaffected Canadians, [352], [353];
leaves Canada, [355].
Henry, John V., New York Federalist, removed from office by Republicans, [50].
Henry, Matthew, on "sober second thought of people," [458 n.]
Henry, Patrick, his separatist attitude, [5].
Hill, Isaac, in kitchen cabinet, [193];
letter of Lewis to, proposing a national convention, [237].
Hoes, Hannah, marries Van Buren, [21];
her death, [36].
Holmes, John, votes against Panama congress, [131].
House of Representatives, defeats independent treasury bill, [337], [338];
rejects renewal of a bank, [340];
defeats second treasury bill, [346];
finally passes it, [348];
struggle for control of, in 1839, [374-377];
case of the five New Jersey congressmen, [374], [375];
refusal of clerk to call names of contestants, [374], [375];
organization of, by Adams and Rhett, [376], [377].
Houston, Samuel, defeats Mexicans, [358].
Hoxie, Joe, in campaign of 1840, [390].
Hoyt, Jesse, letter of Butler to, on Van Buren, [31];
letter of Butler to, on judicial arrogance, [84];
letters of Van Buren to, on appointments to state office, [173], [174];
on Jackson, [190];
on necessity of a newspaper organ, [192];
writes insolent letter, urging Van Buren to dismiss office-holders, [210];
succeeds Swartwout as collector at New York, [364];
his character, [364], [365];
his election bets, [453 n.]
Hoyt, Lorenzo, complains of Van Buren's slowness to remove opponents from office, [209].
Hunkers, origin of, their leaders, [415];
struggle with Barnburners in New York, [417];
aided by Polk, [417];
gain control of party, [418].
Hunter, Robert M. T., elected speaker of House in 1839, [376];
his later career, [376].
Ingham, Samuel D., secretary of treasury, [179];
describes rush of office-seekers, [210].
Inman, Henry, his portrait of Van Buren, [449].
Internal improvements, debates on, in Senate, [95-98], [117], [142];
opposition becomes part of Democratic policy, [98];
advocated by Adams, [121];
bill for, vetoed by Jackson, [201], [202];
not mentioned by Democrats in platform of 1832, [240];
demand for, caused by expansion of West, [290].
Irving, Washington, appointed secretary of legation at London by Van Buren, [224];
his popularity in England, [225];
wishes to resign, but remains with Van Buren, [225];
his friendship for Van Buren, [225];
travels through England with Van Buren, [226];
on Van Buren's career in London, [228];
declines offers of Democratic nominations, [361];
declines offer of Navy Department, [361], [362];
lives at Kinderhook, [398].
Jackson, Andrew, Van Buren a representative of, in 1860, [2];
his connection with Burr, [18];
on "rotation in office," [54];
his victory at New Orleans, [63];
thanked by New York legislature, [63];
urges Monroe to appoint Federalists to office, [89];
elected to Senate, [94];
relations with Benton, [94];
his attitude on internal improvements, [98];
on the tariff, [104];
does not vote on proposed amendment of electoral procedure, [106];
votes for internal improvements, [117];
votes for occupation of Oregon, [117];
his popularity utilized by Van Buren to form a party, [118];
retires from Senate, [119];
slowness of Van Buren to support, [119];
votes to reject Clay's nomination to State Department, [123];
aids his own candidacy, [131];
defends Van Buren from charge of non-committalism, [151];
his congressional record inconsistent with nominal Jacksonian creed, [155];
his career as strict constructionist, [155];
not a mere tool, but a real party manager, [155], [156];
and a real national statesman, [156];
management of his candidacy in New York, [158];
slandered in campaign of 1828, [162], [163];
offers Van Buren State Department, [167];
opposed by Anti-Masons, [167];
erroneous popular view of his first term, [177], [178];
its real significance, [178];
his cabinet, reasons for appointments, [179];
unmoved by Calhoun's objections to Van Buren's appointment, [180], [181];
anger at Mrs. Eaton's defamers, [181], [182];
quarrels with wives of cabinet secretaries, [182];
his condemnation by Calhoun in Monroe's cabinet for Seminole affair, [185];
ignorant of Calhoun's attitude, [185];
told by Lewis and Crawford, [186];
demands an explanation from Calhoun, [186];
his reply to Calhoun, [187];
sends Calhoun's letter to Van Buren, [187];
his toast for the Union, [188];
declares for Van Buren as his successor, [189], [190];
friendly feelings of Van Buren for, [190];
attack upon, prepared by Green, [191];
absurdity of story of his control by kitchen cabinet, [193];
accepts Van Buren's resignation and approves his candidacy, [197];
his answer to invitation to visit Charleston, [198];
appoints Livingston secretary of state, [199];
reorganizes cabinet, [199], [200];
doubts of Van Buren as to his Jeffersonian creed, [200];
his inaugural colorless, [201];
vetoes Maysville road, his arguments, [201], [202];
begins opposition to bank, [202], [203];
defends removal of Cherokees from Georgia, [203];
refuses to follow Supreme Court, [203];
begins to doubt wisdom of high tariff, [204], [205];
gains much development of ideas from Van Buren and others, [205], [206];
not jealous of Van Buren's ability, [206];
adopts Van Buren's theories, [206];
not largely influenced by kitchen cabinet, [207];
angered at opposition in government officials, [212];
defends system of removals from office, [213];
his action less blameworthy than Lincoln's, [215];
urges France to pay spoliation claims, [216];
boasts of his success, [216], [217];
adopts peaceful tone toward England, [219];
his connection with West India trade, [222];
escorts Van Buren from Washington, [224];
complimented by William IV., [229], [230];
sends Van Buren's nomination to Senate, [230];
replying to New York Democrats, justifies Van Buren, [235];
does not desire, by national convention, to throttle the party, [238];
his policy renders a party platform unnecessary, [240];
significance of his election, [247];
issues nullification proclamation, [248];
adopts strict constructionist views, [249];
orders removal of deposits from Bank of United States, [249], [250];
refuses to postpone, [251];
fears to leave deposits in bank, [252];
considers distress fictitious, [253];
cordial relations with Van Buren as vice-president, [254];
his journey in New England, [255];
denounced by friends of White for preferring Van Buren, [256];
urges Tennessee to support Van Buren, [262];
attacked by Clay, [263];
signs bill to distribute surplus, [266];
condemns circulation of abolitionist matter in the mails, [276];
with Van Buren at inauguration, [282];
the last president to leave office with popularity, [282];
his departure from Washington, [283];
tribute of Van Buren to, in inaugural address, [285];
rejoices in high wages, [290];
and in sales of public lands, [294];
finally understands it to mean speculation, [294], [303];
aids speculation by his pet banks, [295];
reluctantly approves distribution of surplus, [301];
issues specie circular, [304];
his prudent attitude as president toward Texas, [358];
urges claims upon Mexico, [359];
dealings with Van Buren regarding Swartwout's appointment, [364];
writes letter supporting Van Buren in 1840, [387];
character of life in White House under, [395];
visited by Van Buren in 1842, [400];
writes letter in favor of Texas annexation, [404];
tries to minimize Van Buren's attitude on Texas, [407], [408];
his death weakens Van Buren politically, [416];
query of Van Buren concerning his family prayers, [453];
his firm affection for Van Buren, [454], [455];
inferior to Van Buren in statesmanship, [463].
Jay, John, leader of New York Federalists, [39];
removals from office under, [47];
controversy with council over appointments, [49].
Jefferson, Joseph, his play of "Rip Van Winkle," [7].
Jefferson, Thomas, Van Buren's discipleship of, [2], [3], [12];
popular feeling at time of his election, [4];
creates American politics, [5], [6];
ill-treated by historians, [6], [10];
implants democracy in American tradition, [6], [7], [9];
bitterly hated by opponents, [9], [10];
his position as Sage of Monticello, [12], [13];
member of land-holding class, [33];
policy toward Europe opposed by Federalists, [39];
relations with Livingston family, [41];
refuses to proscribe Federalist office-holders, [48];
his attitude toward slavery, [91];
condemns constitutional doctrines of J. Q. Adams, [154];
retains popularity to end of term, [282];
sends Van Buren a sketch of his relations with Hamilton, [460];
his policy steadily followed by Van Buren, [460];
one of greatest presidents, [464];
compared as party-builder to Van Buren, [465].
Jessup, General Thomas S., seizes Osceola, [366].
Johns, Rev. Dr., at Democratic convention of 1844, [408].
Johnson, Richard M., leads agitation for abolition of imprisonment for debt by federal courts, [27], [142];
on interest of Holy Alliance in United States, [100];
votes for Panama congress, [131];
candidate for vice-presidency, [239];
nominated for vice-presidency in 1835, [259];
refusal of Virginia to support, [260];
chosen vice-president by Senate, [281].
Johnston, Josiah S., votes for Panama congress, [131].
Jones, Samuel, in Medcef Eden case, [30].
Kane, Elias K., votes against Panama congress, [131];
supports tariff of 1828, [143].
Kansas-Nebraska bill, passed, its effect, [440], [441];
Van Buren's opinion of, [442-444].
Kendall, Amos, helps Blair to establish Jacksonian paper, [191];
in kitchen cabinet, [193];
on Van Buren's non-connection with the "Globe," [194];
postmaster-general, [199];
on good terms with Van Buren, [207];
describes regret at dismissing old government officials, [208], [209];
defends propriety of removals under Jackson, [211];
letter of Lewis to, on a national convention, [237];
describes how he convinced Van Buren on bank question, [250];
asks state banks to accept deposits, [250];
willing to postpone action, [251];
his avowed moderation as to appointments to office, [261], [262];
his letter on abolition matter in the mails, [275], [276];
continues in office under Van Buren, [283];
resigns from Van Buren's cabinet, his reasons, [393], [394].
Kent, James, his legal fame, [19];
dislike of Van Buren for, [25];
his decision in debtors' case reversed, [26];
attacked by Van Buren in Medcef Eden case, [30];
his political partisanship, [44];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
opposes vigorously proposal to broaden suffrage, [77], [78];

opposes making county officers elective, [82];
controversy with Van Buren over act to promote privateering, [83];
comment of Van Buren on, [84];
his political narrowness, [246];
nominated on Anti-Mason electoral ticket, [246].
Kent, James, elected governor of Maine in 1840, [390].
King, John A., joins Bucktail Republicans, [73].
King, Preston, at Utica convention, [425].
King, Rufus, leader of New York Federalists, [39];
reëlected to U. S. Senate by Van Buren's aid, [68], [69];
Van Buren's eulogy of, [69-72];
his friendly relations with Van Buren, [72];
opposes admission of Missouri as slave State, [73], [74];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
opposes making county officers elective, [82];
votes to prevent slave trade in Florida, [93];
opposes tariff of 1824, [99];
his constitutional argument, [100];
denounces caucus nominations, [105];
opposes abolition of imprisonment for debt, [116];
on account of advancing years, declines to be candidate for reëlection, [117].
Kitchen cabinet, its character and membership, [193];
its great ability, [193];
does not control Jackson, [193].
Knower, Benjamin, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Kremer, George, opens Democratic convention of 1835, [258].
Lafayette, Marquis de, compliment of Jackson to, [216].
Lands, public, enormous sales of, [294];
significance of speculation in, not understood by Jackson, [294];
the source of fictitious wealth, [308-312];
specie circular causes depreciation in, [312], [313];
preëmption scheme adopted, [357].
Lansing, Gerrit Y., chancellor of New York, reverses Kent's decision in debt case, [26];
continues as judge to be a politician, [44].
Lawrence, Abbot, denounces administration for causing panic of 1837, [321], [322].
Leavitt, Joshua, reports name of Van Buren to Buffalo convention, [428].
Legal profession, its early eminence in United States, [19], [32], [33], [35];
shares in politics, [44].
Leggett, William, proclaims right of discussion and condemns slavery, [271];
condemns circulation of abolition literature in the South, [275].
Letcher, Robert P., disgusted at nomination of Polk, [412].
Lewis, Morgan, Republican leader in New York, [42];
defeats Burr for governor, [44];
leads Republican faction opposed to Clinton, [44];
asks aid from Federalists to secure reëlection, [44], [45].
Lewis, William B., tells Jackson of Forsyth's letter on the Seminole affair, [186];
asks Jackson to designate his choice for successor, [189];
in kitchen cabinet, [193];
not certain of Jackson's favor, [207];
suggests a national convention to nominate a vice-president, [237].
Liberty party, its vote in 1844 in the State of New York, defeats Clay, [412], [413];
nominates Hale in 1847, [431].
Lincoln, Abraham, contrast with Van Buren in 1860, [3];
his responsibility for spoils system, [215];
attitude on slavery in the States, [272];
elected president on Wilmot Proviso, [416];
opposed by Van Buren in 1860, [445];
supported by Van Buren during war, [447].
Livingston, Brockholst, his judicial career, [41];
both judge and politician, [44].
Livingston, Edward, his career as Republican, [41];
appointed mayor of New York, [49];
favors Jackson for presidency, [156];
asked by Van Buren to succeed him as secretary of state, [194];
appointed by Jackson, [199];
drafts nullification proclamation, [248], [249].
Livingston, Edward P., defeated by Van Buren for state senator, [53].
Livingston, Maturin, removed from office by Clintonians, [51].
Livingston, Robert R., defeated for governor of New York by Jay, [41];
his Revolutionary, legal, and diplomatic career, [41];
jealous of Hamilton, [42];
both judge and party leader, [44].
Livingston family, gains influence through landed wealth, [33];
its political leadership in New York, [41], [42];
attacked by Burrites, [43];
quarrels with Clintonians, [51].
(See New York.)
Livingstonians, faction of New York Democrats, [41], [42];
quarrel with Clintonians, [44];
expel Clintonians from municipal offices, [52].
Loco-foco party, faction of Democrats, [342];
origin of name, [343];
their creed, [343];
denounced as anarchists, [344];
give New York city to Whigs, [344];
reunite with Democrats in 1837, upon a moderate declaration of equal rights, [344].
Louis Philippe, urged by Jackson to pay American claims, [216];
character of his court, [227].
Lovejoy, Elijah P., anti-slavery leader, [273];
his murder not of political interest, [359].
Lundy's Lane, battle of, [62].
McJilton, Rev. ——, at Democratic Convention of 1844, [408].
McKean, Samuel, complains to Kendall of political activity of postmasters, [261].
McLane, Louis, secretary of treasury, [199];
Van Buren's instructions to him when minister to England, [219-221];
his successful negotiations regarding West India trade, [222];
wishes to return, [223];
mentioned as candidate for vice-presidency, [238];
wishes removal of deposits postponed, [250];
disapproving of removal of deposits, resigns State Department, [255].
McLean, John T., appointed to Supreme Court, [179];
refuses to proscribe postmasters, [207];
wishes Anti-Masonic nomination for presidency, [245].
Mackenzie, William L., quoted by Von Holst, [326 n.];
his character, [326];
leads an insurrection in Upper Canada, [353];
flies to Buffalo and plans a raid, [353];
indicted and convicted, [356];
on Van Buren's refusal to pardon him, becomes a bitter enemy, [356].
Madison, James, member of land-owning class, [33];
his foreign policy attacked by Federalists, [39];
voted against by Van Buren in 1812, [58];
his incapacity as war leader, [59];
criticised by Van Buren for sanctioning Bank of United States, [146];
compared to Van Buren in regard to ability, [464].
Maine, threatens war over disputed boundary, [367];
angered at Van Buren's peaceful measures, [367].
Manley, Dr., refusal of Van Buren to remove from office, [174].
Manning, Daniel, member of Albany Regency, [112], [192 n.]
Marcy, William L., aids Van Buren, in behalf of King's election to Senate, [69];
member of Albany Regency, [111], [112];
appointed a judge by Van Buren, [174];
defends spoils system, his famous phrase, [232];
warns against over-speculation in 1836, [302], [303];
calls out New York militia to prevent raids into Canada, [335];
leads Hunkers, [415], [417];
supports compromise of 1850, [437].
Marshall, John, on Jefferson's political principles, [6];
his legal fame, [19].
Massachusetts, supports Webster for president in 1836, [260].
Meigs, Henry, urged by Van Buren to remove postmasters, [75].
Mexico, its war with Texas, [357];
neutrality toward, declared by Van Buren, [358];
claims against, pressed by Van Buren, [359], [360].
Missouri, legislature of, compliments Van Buren, [399].
Missouri question, in New York, [73], [74];
its slight effect on national complacency, [90], [91].
Monroe, James, member of land-owning class, [33];
reëlected president, [72];
voted for by Van Buren in 1820, [75];
his message of 1820, [88];
his character, [89];
his tour in New England, [89];
views on party government, [89], [90];
vetoes internal improvement bill, [95], [96], [121];
discussion in his cabinet over Jackson's action in Seminole matter, [185];
complimentary dinner to, in 1829, [186];
inferior as president to Van Buren, [463].
Monroe doctrine, its relation to Panama congress, [124].
Moore, Gabriel, remark of Benton to, on Van Buren, [234].
Morgan, William, his Masonic revelations and abduction, [167].
Morton, Marcus, elected governor of Massachusetts by one vote, [370];
leads Northern Democrats at convention of 1844, [408];
opposes two-thirds rule, [409].
Napoleon III., explains to Van Buren his reasons for returning to Europe, [362].
National Republicans, attacked by Van Buren, [145], [146];
organized in defense of Adams, [153], [154];
significance of their defeat, [162];
defeated in New York election, [166].
(See Whigs.)
Nelson, Samuel, in New York constitutional convention, [77].
New England, popularity of Van Buren in, [280].
New Orleans, battle of, its effect, [63].
New York, social conditions in, [14], [15];
litigiousness in, [19];
bar of, [20], [23];
Senate of, sits with Supreme judges as court of errors, [23];
imprisonment for debt in, [25];
Medcef Eden case in, [28], [29];
politics in, after 1800, [38], [39] (see Republican (Democratic) party);
council of appointment in, [45], [46];
spoils system in, [46-57];
casts electoral votes for Clinton in 1812, [58], [59];
war measures in, [61], [62];
thanks Jackson in 1814, [63];
popularity of Clinton in, [66];
instructs senators and representatives to oppose admission of slave States, [74];
constitutional convention in, [77-87];
refuses suffrage to negroes, [81];
popular animosity in, against judges, [84];
approves their removal from office, [86];
struggle for vote of, in election of 1824, [109-115];
its vote secured by Adams and Clay, [115];
instructs Van Buren to vote for protection, [144];
reëlects Van Buren senator, [147];
prominence of Van Buren, [166];
election of 1828, [166], [167];
its presidential vote, [167], [168];
career of Van Buren as governor of, [168-176];
bread riots in 1837, [314], [315];
carried by Whigs, [342];
sympathy in, for Canadian insurrection, [353], [363], [369];
visits of Van Buren to, [367-369], [398];
carried by Polk in consequence of Birney's vote, [412], [413];
supports Wilmot Proviso, [417], [418];
carried by Whigs because of Barnburners' bolt, [422], [431];
election of 1860 in, [445].
Newspapers, their early importance in politics, [191], [192].
Niles, John M., of Connecticut, succeeds Kendall in post office in 1838, [394].
Niles's Register, on Democratic convention of 1835, [259].
Noah, Mordecai M., opposes election of Jackson in 1832, [247].
North, its attitude toward slavery in 1820, [91];
economically superior to South, [91];
disclaims responsibility for slavery in South, [92];
but opposes its extension to new territory, [92];
yet acquiesces in compromise, [93];
favors tariff of 1828, [143];
elects Van Buren in 1836, [280];
its attitude toward South after 1840, [437].
Nullification, stated by Hayne in his reply to Webster, [188];
denounced by Jackson, [198], [199], [248], [249].
Oakley, Thomas J., attorney-general of New York, [23];
supplants Van Buren, [24].
Ogden, David B., opposes Burr and Van Buren in Eden case, [30].
Olcott, Thomas W., member of Albany Regency, [111].
Osceola, leads Seminole insurrection, [366];
his capture and death, [366].
Otis, Harrison Gray, votes to prevent slave trade in Florida, [93].
Overton, Judge John, letter of Jackson to, [189].
Palmerston, Lord, compared as parliamentarian to Van Buren, [123], [149].
Panama congress, suggested by Adams, [122];
and by Clay, [124];
its purposes as stated by Adams, [124-126];
contrary to settled policy of country, [125];
opposed by Van Buren in Senate, [126-129];
affected by slavery question, [127];
advocated by Webster, [130];
fails to produce any results, [130];
vote upon, creates a new party, [131].
Papineau, Louis Joseph, heads insurrection in Lower Canada, [352].
Parish, Henry, on New York committee to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Parton, James, quoted, [183], [237].
Paulding, James K., succeeds Dickerson as secretary of navy, [360];
a Republican literary partisan, [360];
his appointment resented by politicians, [362];
visits South with Van Buren, [400].
People's party, in New York, rivals of Bucktails, [109];
favors Adams for presidency, [110];
votes to remove Clinton from office, [110];
demands choice of electors by people, [111], [112].
Phillips, Wendell, anti-slavery leader, [273].
Pierce, Franklin, gets electoral vote of New England, but not the popular vote, [280], [281];
opposes Texas annexation, [424];
Democratic candidate in 1852, [439];
supported by Van Buren, [439];
offers Van Buren position of arbitrator, [440];
one of mediocrities of White House, [463].
Plattsburg, battle of, [62].
Poinsett, Joel R., secretary of war under Van Buren, [283];
denounced by Webster for recommending federal organization of militia, [383].
Polk, James K., elected speaker of House, [337];
nominated for president, [410], [411];
his career, significance of his choice, [412];
his election causes a schism in Democratic party, [415], [416];
tries to placate Barnburners, [415], [416];
gives federal patronage to Hunkers, [417];
attitude of Van Buren toward, [420], [421];
one of mediocrities of White House, [463].
Powell. See Osceola.
Preston, William C., offers resolution to annex Texas, [359];
attacks Van Buren in campaign of 1840, [385].
Prussia, treaty with, [127], [128].
Randolph, John, his career in Senate, [131], [148].
Republican (Democratic) party, its ideals as framed by Jefferson, [6], [7];
gains majority of American people, [8], [9];
dominant in New York, [40];
factions and leaders of, [40-43];
defeats Burr in 1804, [44];
controlled by Clintonians, [45];
its share in establishing spoils system, [47-53];
New York members of, oppose war in 1812, [58], [59];
but later support Madison, [60];
recovers control of New York government, its war measures, [61], [62];
in favor at end of war, [63];
makes Jackson its military hero, [63];
commits sharp practice in "Peter Allen" case, [64], [65];
gains control of legislature in 1816, [65];
obliged to permit election of Clinton as governor, [66];
divides into factions of Bucktails and Clintonians, [67], [69];
receives accessions from Federalists, [72], [73];
opposes admission of Missouri as a slave State, [74];
in congressional caucus of 1816 nominates Monroe, [74], [75];
comprises all of country in 1820-1824, [90];
personal rivalries in, [90], [94], [95];
Crawford the regular candidate of, [106], [107].
Republican party of 1856, founded on Wilmot Proviso, [416];
abandons it in 1861, [438];
nominates Fremont in 1856, [441], [442];
attitude of Van Buren toward, [441], [442], [445];
distrusted as dangerous, [445];
in election of 1860, [445].
Rhett, Barnwell, moves election of Adams in 1839 as temporary chairman of House, [376].
Richmond, Dean, member of Albany Regency, [112].
Riggs, Elisha, on New York committee to remonstrate against specie circular, [317].
Ringgold, Samuel, refers to Monroe as only one favorable to Jackson in Seminole matter, [185].
Rives, William C., instructions of Van Buren to, [217];
defeated for vice-presidential nomination, [259];
later leaves party, [260];
opposes independenttreasury, [347];
denounces Van Buren in election of 1840, as covertly planning usurpation, [384], [385].
Rochester, William B., supported by Van Buren for governor against Clinton, [147].
Rogers, Samuel, in London society in 1832, [227].
Root, General Erastus, leads radical party in constitutional convention, [87].

Roseboom, ——, in council of appointment of 1801, [49].
Rowan, John, supports tariff of 1828, [143].
Rush, Richard, his wide views of functions of government, [160].
Russell, Sir John, interferes with Canadian taxation, [351].
Sanford, Nathan, succeeded in United States Senate by Van Buren,76;
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
bound by instructions of New York legislature, [143].
Santa Anna, captured at San Jacinto, [358].
Schurz, Carl, his career in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118].
Schuyler family, member of landed aristocracy, [33].
Scott, Sir Walter, in London society in 1832, [227].
Scott, General Winfield, sent by Van Buren to prevent troubles on Canadian frontier, [355];
Whig candidate for president in 1852, [439].
Seminole war, Jackson's connection with, [185], [186];
its cause and progress, [365], [366];
policy of removal of Seminoles justified, [366], [367].
Senate of United States, membership of, in 1821, [94];
debates internal improvements, [95-98];
debates tariff of 1824, [99-103];
debates on internal improvements and on Oregon, [117];
confirms Clay's appointment by Adams, [123];
debates Panama congress, [126-131];
position of Van Buren in, [131];
debates internal improvements, [132], [133];
and change in mode of election of president, [133];
debates bills to regulate executive patronage, [137-140];
on bankruptcy bill, [141];
its character during 1821-1828, [148];
more truly a parliamentary body then than later, [149];
debate in, on nomination of Van Buren as minister to England, [230-233];
rejects it, [233], [234];
debates bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mails, [276-278];

a tie vote in, arranged to force Van Buren to vote, [277];
passes sub-treasury bill, [337];
votes against a bank, [340];
debate in, on second sub-treasury bill, [346];
resolves to recognize Texas, [358].
Sergeant, John, nominated for vice-president, [246].
Seward, William H., his position in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118-123];
connected with Anti-Masonic party, [167], [245];
approves distribution of surplus, [301];
elected governor of New York, [363];
publicly refuses to accept invitation to reception to Van Buren in New York, [369];
prefers Taylor to Van Buren, [431];
wishes to defy South, [437].
Seymour, Horatio, member of Albany Regency, [112].
Singleton, Miss, marries Van Buren's son, [395].
Skinner, Roger, member of Albany Regency, [111].
Slavery, not a political issue in 1821, [91];
mild popular attitude towards, [91], [92];
attitude of abolitionists towards, [270];
attacked by Van Buren's supporter, Leggett, [271];
debated in connection with Texas, [359];
not in general politics, [359], [403];
enters politics with Texas question, [403], [414];
impossibility of attempts to exclude from politics, [422], [423].
Smith, Gerrit, on Van Buren's nomination, [428].
Smith, Samuel, votes for Panama congress, [131].
South, attitude towards slavery, [91];
opposes tariff of 1828, [143];
condemns abolitionist petitions, [271];
accuses Van Buren of abolitionism, [271], [272];
prohibits circulation of abolition literature, [275];
upheld by Kendall, [275];
justified in its action, [277];
large defection from Van Buren in, [278], [279];
distrusts Van Buren in 1840, [380], [387], [403];
Van Buren charged with subserviency toward, [403];
desires to annex Texas, [404];
wins victory in defeating Van Buren's nomination, [410];
effect of slavery upon, [423];
considered a bully by Seward and Benton, [437];
attitude of "doughfaces" toward, justified by events, [437], [438];
secures Kansas-Nebraska bill, [440];
continues to loathe Van Buren, [444].
South Carolina, votes for Floyd in 1832, [248];
supports White in 1836, [260].
Southwick, Solomon, Anti-Masonic candidate in New York, [166].
Spain, Panama congress a defiance of, [124].
Spencer, Ambrose, attorney-general of New York, [23];
member of Clintonian faction, [44];
in council of appointment of 1801, represents Livingstonians, [48];
introduces spoils system, [49], [50];
promoted to higher offices, [51];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
his judicial pride described by Butler, [84].
Spencer, John G., Clintonian candidate for Senate in 1819, [69];
appointed by Van Buren to prosecute Morgan murderers, [174];
reasons for his appointment, [175];
nominated for election by Anti-Masons, [246].
Spoils system, established in New York, [46];
attitude of Washington towards, [46];
its origin in struggles of Hamilton and Clinton, [46], [47];
beginnings of removals for political reasons, [47];
attitude of Jefferson toward, [48];
established in 1801 by De Witt Clinton, [48-50];
developed in years 1807-1813, [51], [52];
becomes part of unwritten law, [52], [53];
not to be wholly condemned at this time, [54];
valuable in destroying English idea of property in office, [55];
does not damage public service at first, [56], [57];
popular with voters, [56], [57], [214];
share of Van Buren in, [57], [58];
defense of, by Thurlow Weed, [67], [68];
Van Buren not responsible for its introduction into federal politics, [207];
demand for, by Jacksonian office-seekers, [208-211];
does not secure a clean sweep under Jackson, [211], [212];
justification of removals under, [212], [213];
policy of, defended by Jackson, [213];
much worse under Lincoln, [215];
used as reproach against Van Buren, [232];
advocated by Marcy, [232];
denounced by Whigs, [246];
defense of, by Kendall, in 1836, [261], [262];
does not damage Van Buren in 1840, [387];
Polk's use of, against Van Buren, legitimate, [420].
Squatter sovereignty, proclaimed by Dickinson and Cass, [422].
Stevens, Thaddeus, ignores slavery in organizing Territories in 1861, [438].
Stevenson, Andrew, defends system of national conventions in 1835, [258].
Story, Joseph, legal fame of, [19];
on Van Buren's hospitality, [395].
Suffrage, basis of, debate on, in New York constitutional convention, [77-80].
Sumner, Charles, his leadership in Senate compared with Van Buren's, [118];
position as anti-slavery leader, [273];
supports Van Buren in 1848, [432];
in 1861, abandons Wilmot Proviso, [438].
Supreme Court, jealous attitude of Van Buren toward, [134-137];
Jackson's refusal to support, in Cherokee case, justified, [203], [204];
its opinion in Dred Scott case, [440], [441].
Swartwout, Colonel John, his duel with De Witt Clinton, [51].
Swartwout, Samuel, his letter to Hoyt describes craze for office under Jackson, [208];
his career as collector of customs, [208];
his defalcation while collector of New York discovered, [364].
Sylvester, Francis, studies of Van Buren in his office, [16];
defeated by Van Buren in lawsuit, [17];
a Federalist in politics, [43].
Talcott, Samuel A., attorney-general of New York, [23];
in Eden will case, [30];
member of Albany Regency, [101].
Talleyrand, Marquis de, his position in 1832, [227];
compared by Chevalier to Van Buren, [451].

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., denounces Van Buren's financial policy, [347].
Tammany Society, nucleus of Bucktail faction, [67];
offers Irving nomination for mayor, [361].
Taney, Roger B., attorney-general, [199];
transferred to Treasury Department, [255];
his decision in Dred Scott case reviewed by Van Buren, [446], [447].
Tappan, Lewis, on powers of Congress over slavery, [272].
Tariff, of 1824, called "American System," [99];
how passed, [99];
aided by fear of Holy Alliance, [99], [100];
arguments against, [100], [101];
not a party question, [103], [104];
of 1828, called a "tariff of abomination," [142];
its character, sectional vote for, [143], [144];
Jackson's views on, [204], [205];
discussion of, in 1842, [240];
not mentioned in Democratic platform, [240];
not an issue in 1832, [247].
Taylor, John W., opposed by Bucktail congressmen as a supporter of Clinton, [76].
Taylor, Zachary, refusal of Van Buren to support, [426];
nominated by Whigs, [430];
sounded by Free-soilers, [430];
preferred by anti-slavery Whigs to Van Buren, [431];
elected in 1848, [431];
one of the mediocrities of the White House, [463].
Tazewell, Littleton W., suggested by Calhoun for State Department, [180].
"Telegraph," its attack on Jackson, [191].
Tennessee, appealed to by Jackson in behalf of Van Buren, [262];
presents Polk as candidate for vice-presidency, [412].
Texas, its war of independence, [358];
recognition refused by Van Buren, [358];
offers annexation and is refused, [358];
opposition to, raises slavery question, [359];
refuge of bankrupts, [370];
annexation of, favored by Tyler, [402];
becomes a party question before Democratic convention in 1844, [404], [409];
admitted to Union in 1845, [413].
Thompson, Smith, Republican and Livingstonian leader in New York, [42];
both politician and judge, [44];
defeated by Van Buren for governor of New York, [166].
Tilden, Samuel J., inherits political ideas from Jefferson through Van Buren, [12];
member of Albany Regency, [112];
error of Democrats in discarding in 1880, [412];
leader of Barnburners, [416];
one of authors of Barnburner address of 1848, [424];
writes address calling Utica Convention, [425].
Tillotson, Thomas, brother-in-law of R. R. Livingston, secretary of state in New York, [49];
removed from office by Clintonians, [51].
Timberlake, ——, first husband of Mrs. Eaton, commits suicide, [181].
Tompkins, Daniel D., as judge, continues party politician, [44];
nominated for governor and elected by Clintonians, [45];
supports Madison in 1814, [60];
reëlected governor, [60];
removes De Witt Clinton from mayoralty of New York, [64];
resigns governorship to be vice-president, [66];
his pecuniary difficulties with State, [68];
defended by Van Buren in Senate, [68];
reëlected vice-president, [72];
defeated for governor in 1820, [73];
candidacy for president in 1816, [74];
inferior in prestige to Van Buren in 1821, [76];
in New York constitutional convention, [77];
comments of Van Buren on, [173].
Tyler, John, nominated for vice-president in 1832, [260];
nominated for vice-president by Whigs, [377];
succeeds Harrison, his character, [402];
his career, [402];
his Texas treaty rejected, [413];
an accidental president, [463].
United States, political character of, formed by Jefferson, [5], [6];
becomes Democratic, [7-9];
gains individuality, [7];
its vulgarity and crudeness, [10];
not understood by foreigners, [10], [11];
its real development into national strength, [14], [17];
prominence of lawyers in, [32], [33], [35];
early political importance of land-holding class, [33], [34];
later position of wealth in, [34];
favors rotation in office as democratic, [57];
prosperity of, in 1821, [88];
believes itself happy, [89];
unpopularity of coalitions in, [116], [164];
considers panic of 1837 due to Jackson, [287];
suffers from depression after war of 1812, [287];
enjoys economic prosperity until Jackson's administration, [288];
optimism of, [288];
expansion of population, [288], [289];
land speculation in, [289-294];
enthusiasm over public works, [290];
people of, homogeneous and optimistic, [290-292];
luxury in, during speculative era, [309], [310];
depression in, during 1839, [377].
University of the State of New York, connection of Van Buren with, [65].
Van Alen, James J., law partner of Van Buren, [18];
succeeded by him as surrogate, [22];
elected to Congress as Federalist, [43].
Van Buren, Abraham, his farm, [14];
keeps a tavern, [15].
Van Buren, Abraham, serves as his father's secretary, [395];
marries Miss Singleton, [395].
Van Buren, John, his appearance, [1];
relations with his father in 1860, [1], [2];
his political attitude, [2];
accompanies his father to England, [224];
leads Barnburners, [415];
at Herkimer convention, [419];
at Utica convention of 1847, [423];
in part, author of Barnburner address, [424];
at Utica convention of 1848, [425];
continues rigidly anti-slavery until 1850, [435];
justifies submission to compromise of 1850, [439];
his election bets, [453 n.]
Van Buren, Lawrence, joins bolting Barnburners, [419].
Van Buren, Martin, relations with his son in old age, [1];
appearance, [1];
his political position in 1860, [2], [3];
resemblance to Jefferson, [3];
lack of friends in later life, [3];
type of early statesmen of republic, [4];
influenced by Jefferson's ideals, [12];
ancestry, [14], [15];
birth and early schooling, [15], [16].
Legal Career. Enters law office, [16];
his education, [16];
becomes successful lawyer, [17];
enters office of Van Ness in New York, [17];
intercourse with Burr, [17], [18];
practises law at Kinderhook, [18];
his successful career, [18-36];
leads Republican lawyers, [20];
his contests with Williams, [20];
contrasted with Williams by Butler, [20], [21];
skill in argument and persuasion, [21];
marriage, [21];
holds office of surrogate, [22];
removes to Hudson, [22];
reading habits, [22];
continues to prosper in law, [22];
later as state senator becomes member of court of errors, [23];
becomes attorney-general, [23];
later removed for political reasons, [24];
moves to Albany, [24];
partnership with Butler, [24];
his opinion criticising Kent, [25];
in court of errors reverses Kent's opinion in a debt case, [26];
condemns practice of imprisoning for debt, [27];
in Medcef Eden case, [29];
his argument, [30];
secures a money competence, [30];
his Oswego estate, [30];
gains political lessons during law practice, [31], [32];
not an orator, [31];
his legal and political careers not strictly separable, [36];
loses wife, [36];
upright private life, [37].
Republican Leader in New York. Early enthusiasm for Jefferson, [39], [40];
not won by Burr faction in 1803, [43];
supports Lewis for governor, [44];
supports Clintonian faction in 1807, [45];
appointed surrogate by Clintonian council of appointment, [45];
not the founder of spoils system, [50], [53];
removed from office by Livingstonian faction, [52];
nominated for state senator, [53];
elected over Edward Livingston, [53];
finds spoils system established, [53];
becomes a master in use of offices, [57], [58];
reëlected senator, [58];
votes for Clintonian electors against Madison, [58];
later condemned for this action, [58];
an advocate of embargo and of war of 1812, [59];
places state party before national, [59];
dissolves relations with Clinton, [59];
in Senate defends war against Clinton's attack, [60];
supports Tompkins for governor, [60], [61];
supports war measures, [61];
becomes leader, [61];
drafts classification act to prepare militia, [62];
on victory at Plattsburg, [62];
drafts resolution of thanks to Jackson, [63];
becomes attorney-general, [63];
in "Peter Allen" election case, [64];
chosen regent of University of State of New York, [65];
leaves party ranks to vote for canal bill, [65];
thanked by Clinton, [66];
reluctant to allow Clinton's election in 1817, [66];
leads faction of "Bucktails," [67];
removed from office of attorney-general, [67];
his efforts in behalf of Tompkins's claims, [68];
writes pamphlet advocating reëlection of King to Senate, [69-71];
skill of his plea, [70], [71];
urges his choice in private, [71], [72];
friendly relations with King, [72];
declares King's election uninfluenced by Missouri question, [73];
calls meeting at Albany to protest against slavery extension, [74];
votes in Senate for instructions to United States senators to oppose admission of a slave State, [74];
present at congressional caucus in 1816 to nominate a president, [74];
votes as elector for Monroe and Tompkins, [75];
urges removal of unfriendly postmasters in New York, [75];
not harmed by publication of this request, [75], [76];
as leader of party in State, chosen United States senator, [76].
Member of Constitutional Convention. Elected from Otsego County, [77];
his share in debate on extending franchise, [78];
not non-committal as charged, [79];
his argument for universal suffrage, [79], [80];
wishes it granted gradually, [80];
opposes restriction of suffrage to whites, [80];
favors property qualification for blacks, [80], [81];
reports on appointments to office, [81], [82];
recommends that militia elect all but highest officers, [81];
his recommendations as to civil office, [81], [82];
opposes election of judges, [82];
his objection to council of revision, [83];
unwilling to say a good word for it, [83];
votes against turning judges out of office, [85];
wisdom of his course in the convention, [86];
prevents his party from making radical changes, [86], [87];
shows courage, independence, and patriotism, [87].
United States Senator. Dislikes slavery in 1821, [93];
votes to restrict admission of slaves to Florida, [93];
his friends and associates in Senate, [94];
supports Crawford for succession to Monroe as "regular" candidate, [95];
votes for Cumberland road bill, [95];
later apologizes for vote, [96];
proposes a constitutional amendment to authorize internal improvements, [97];
probably impressed by Erie Canal, [98];
speech in favor of abolishing imprisonment for debt, [98];
votes for tariff of 1824, [99];
his protectionist views, [99];
his votes upon different sections, [102];
influenced by New York sentiment, [102];
later averse to high protection, [103];
but never considers tariff of supreme importance, [103];
urges constitutional amendment to leave election of president with electors in case of failure on first trial, [104];
defends system of caucus nominations, [105];
prestige as leader of New York in election of 1824, [106];
at first inclined to Adams, [107];
Adams's opinion of, [107];
abused by Crawford's enemies, [108];

not involved in New York quarrel over canal commissionership, [110];
yet his power endangered by Clinton's return to popularity, [111];
his status in "Albany Regency," [111];
advises New York Republicans to favor congressional caucus, [114];
continues after failure of caucus to work for Crawford, [114];
fails to secure New York for him, [115];
not involved in election of Adams, [115];
does not denounce Adams's election, [116];
takes increasing share in proceedings, [116];
relations with King, [117];
votes against extending Cumberland road, [117];
votes against occupation of Oregon, [117];
on committee to receive Adams, [117];
becomes a parliamentary leader, [117];
the real creator of Democratic party, [118];
his position unique in American history, [118];
does not at first approve of Jackson as leader of opposition, [119];
his attitude toward Adams not factious, [120], [123];
votes to confirm Clay's nomination, [123];
abstains from personalities in opposition, [123];
introduces resolutions against Panama congress, [126];
comment of Adams upon, [126];
his speech upon the proposed mission, [127-129];
accuses Adams of Federalism, [128];
condemns proposed alliance of republics, [129];
most conspicuous member of Senate, [131];
unites opposition on internal improvements, [131];
offers resolutions and votes against roads and canals, [132];
wisdom of his position, [132];
willing to support military roads, [133];
renews movement to take choice of president from the House, [133], [134];
opposes proposal to relieve Supreme Court from circuit duty, [134];
shows desire to make Supreme Court democratic, [135];
opposes regarding it with too great respect, [135-137];
his share in Benton's report on executive patronage, [137-140];
its discrepancy with his later views, [139], [140];
votes against abolition of salt tax, [140];
favors establishment of Naval Academy, [140];
opposes a bankruptcy bill, [141];
speech on restrictions on trade with British colonies, [141];
renews opposition to imprisonment for debt, to internal improvements, and repeal of salt tax in 1828, [142];
votes for tariff of 1828, [142];
bound by instructions of New York legislature, [144];
speech on power of vice-president to call to order, [144-147];
asserts the necessity of defeating Adams in order to curb federal usurpation, [145], [146];
reëlected senator, [147];
supports Rochester against Clinton for governor of New York, [147];
eulogy on Clinton, [148];
survey of Van Buren's parliamentary career, [148-152];
characteristics of his speaking, [150];
clear in announcing opinions, [151];
praised by Jackson for freedom from non-committalism, [151];
courteous in debate, [151], [152].
Manager in Election of 1828. Recognized as chief organizer of new party, [153];
uses cry against Adams and Clay bargain, [154];
not justly charged with intrigue to unite Crawford's friends with Jackson's, [157];
his visit to Crawford in 1827, [157];
visits Adams, [158];
compared by Adams to Burr, [158];
does not announce support of Jackson until 1827, [158];
his opposition to Adams not merely personal, [161];
does not use corrupt bargain cry, [163];
probably promised cabinet position by Jackson, [166];
wishes to increase his prestige by securing governorship of New York, [166];
nominated and elected, [166];
resigns senatorship, [168].
Governor of New York. His inaugural message, [168-173];
favors state aid to canals, [168];
urges reorganization
of banking system, [169];
suggests various devices to increase security of banks, [170];
proposes separation of state and national elections, [170];
denounces increasing use of money in elections, [171];
advocates strict construction of Constitution, [171], [172];
defends reputation of country from results of campaign of 1828, [172];
congratulates legislature on election of Jackson, [172], [173];
his letters to Hoyt on patronage, [173-175];
shows partisanship, but desire to appoint able men, [174];
character of his appointees, [174], [175];
resigns governorship after ten weeks' term to enter cabinet, [175];
congratulated by legislature, [176].
Secretary of State. Unfriendly view of his career in cabinet, [177];
forms creed of Jacksonian Democracy, [178];
shares discredit of introducing spoils system, [178];
easily the strongest man in cabinet, [179];
already rival to Calhoun for succession to Jackson, [179];
reasons for his success over Calhoun, [180];
does not succeed by tricks, [180];
attempt of Calhoun to prevent his appointment as secretary of state, [180];
pleases Jackson by politeness to Mrs. Eaton, [183];
his course both politic and proper, [183], [184];
not responsible for Jackson's dislike of Calhoun, [185];
refuses to take part in quarrel between the two, [187];
his toast at Jefferson's birthday dinner, [188];
becomes an acknowledged candidate for presidency after Calhoun's nullification declarations, [188], [189];
Jackson's letter of recommendation, [189], [190];
his increasing esteem for Jackson, [190];
represented by "Albany Argus" in newspaper controversy, [191];
his high estimate of necessity of an organ, [192];
refuses to subsidize Bennett, [192];
declines to aid new Jackson paper with departmental printing, [194];
yet is held responsible for it, [194];
determines to resign and asks Livingston to take his place, [194];
wishes, as a candidate for presidency, to avoid suspicion, [195], [196];
boldness and prudence of his action, [196], [198];
avows unwillingness to injure Jackson's chances for reëlection, [196], [197];
praised by Jackson in reply, [197];
his political creed fully adopted by Jackson, [200];
at first doubts Jackson's full adherence, [200];
probably assists in preparing Jackson's messages, [205], [206];
wins Jackson's affection, [206];
supplies him with political theories, [206];
on good terms with kitchen cabinet, [207];
not the originator of spoils system in federal offices, [207];
his letter to Hamilton advises caution, [209];
rebukes Hoyt for demanding a removal, [210];
does not practice proscription in the State Department, [214];
does not oppose the system elsewhere, [214];
palliating reasons for his conduct, [215];
successful in conduct of foreign affairs, [215];
advises Jackson to refer to France with politeness, [216];
deserves credit of securing payment of claims by France, [217];
adopts conciliatory policy toward England, [219];
in his instructions to McLane admits error of previous American claims, [219], [220];
alludes in his instructions to overthrow of Adams's administration, [220];
his position not undignified, [221];
yet previously had deprecated entrance of party politics into diplomacy, [222];
success of his diplomacy, [222].
Minister to England. Constantly suspected of intrigue, [223];
desires to escape from politics while candidate for presidency by accepting mission to England, [223], [224];
escorted out of city by Jackson, [224];
appoints Irving secretary of legation, [224];
finds him at London, [224], [225];
his friendship with Irving, [225];
Irving's opinion of, [225];
his travels through England, [226];
social life in London, [227];
learns news of rejection of his nomination by Senate, [227], [228];
his behavior, [228];
leaves England, [228];
character of his dispatches, [229];
presents claims in Comet case, [229];
writes passages in reports complimentary to Jackson, [229];
returns to New York, declines a public reception, [230];
goes to Washington, [230];
attacked in Senate as un-American and cowardly, [230], [231];
insincerity of the attack, [232];
accused also of introducing spoils system, [232];
attacked by Calhoun as an intriguer, [233];
Calhoun's desire to kill him politically, [234];
gains popularity from rejection, [234];
urged for vice-president, [234];
praised by New York legislature, [234];
upheld by Jackson, [235];
receives various offers of offices, [236];
plan to elect him governor of New York repudiated by party leaders, [237];
not concerned in summoning national convention of 1832, [237], [238];
nominated for vice-presidency, [239];
his nomination not the result of coercion, [240];
the natural candidate, [240], [241];
party reasons for his nomination, [241];
his letter of acceptance, [241-243];
affects reluctance and humility, [242];
writes a vague letter on the tariff, [243], [244];
opposes internal improvements, a bank, and nullification, [244];
writes letter on his subjection to calumny, [244];
elected in 1832, [247];
speaks in approval of tariff for revenue, [249].
Vice-President. Opposes removal of deposits, [249];
has heated argument with Kendall, [250];
later adopts Jackson's position, [250];
proposes to Kendall that removal begin in January, 1834, [250];
dislikes bank, [251];
appealed to by Clay to intercede with Jackson, [253];
his conduct as described by Benton, [253];
lives in Washington as heir-apparent, [254];
his position superior to that of any other vice-president, [254];
his harmony
with Jackson, [254], [255];
accompanies Jackson on New England tour, [255];
his candidacy opposed by White of Tennessee, [256];
scurrilous biography of, by Crockett, [256];
nominated unanimously for president in 1835, [259];
letters of Jackson in his behalf, [262];
refuses to answer questions of Williams until after close of Congress, [264];
his reply, [265-267];
condemns distribution of surplus, [265];
courage of this action, [266];
disapproves of Clay's land scheme, [266];
denies constitutionality of internal improvements, [266];
affirms opposition to bank, [267];
on Benton's expunging resolutions, [267];
his previous letter of acceptance of nomination, [267-269];
asserts freedom from intrigue, [268];
and intention to carry out Jackson's principles, [268];
his early record on slavery, [271];
supposed to approve of anti-slavery attitude of New York Democratic papers, [271];
writes to Gwin upon powerlessness of Congress over slavery in the States, [272];
asserts his opposition to abolition in the District of Columbia against wish of slave States, [274];
his attitude the general one at that time, [275];
forced to give casting vote for Jackson's bill to prohibit abolition literature in mails, [277];
his reasons for so voting, [278];
not a "doughface," [278];
vote for, in 1836, [278-281];
elected by New England and Middle States, [280];
only Democrat to carry New England in a contested election by popular and electoral vote, [280];
significance of his election, [281];
triumphs by good sense without enthusiasm, [281].
President. His inauguration, [282], [283];
his farewell to Jackson, [283];
continues Jackson's cabinet, [283];
his inaugural address, [283-286];
personal modesty, [284];
optimism, [284];
repeats declaration against abolition in the District, [285];
tribute to Jackson, [285];
rejects Benton's warning of a financial panic, [286];
his relation to panic of 1837, [287];
said to have urged Jackson to sign distribution bill, [302];
denounced by New York merchants for specie circular after panic has begun, [317];
refuses to modify circular or call a special session of Congress, [319];
visited by Biddle, [319];
obliged by suspension of specie payments to call extra session, [321];
wishes to discourage hasty action, [321];
probably instigates meetings to throw blame on banks, [322];
and declare for metallic currency, [322];
his statesmanlike behavior during crisis, [325];
his message to the extra session, [326-333];
courageously states facts and appeals to reason, [326], [327];
points out inability of government to cure the evils, [327];
indicates real causes of inflation, [327], [328];
opposes renewal of a bank, [328], [329];
urges abandonment of pet banks, [330];
suggests independent treasury, [331];
defends specie circular and advocates retention of surplus installment, [331];
restates limited powers of government, [332];
denounced by Webster, [334];
and others, [336];
not supported by his party in House, [337], [338];
his measures supported by Calhoun, [340], [341];
supported by Loco-foco faction in New York, [344];
his message to regular session of Congress, [345], [346];
refuses to be influenced by Democratic losses in elections, [345];
recommends preëmption law, [345];
refers to boundary troubles, [345];
continues to be denounced by Whigs, [346];
and by Conservative Democrats, [347];
hopes for return of prosperity after resumption in 1838, [349];
issues neutrality proclamation in connection with Canadian insurrection, [354];
takes measures to punish offenses, [355];
invites Durham to visit Washington, [356];
refuses to pardon Mackenzie, [356];
denounced for further warning proclamation, [357];
refuses proposed annexation of Texas, [358];
not connected with anti-slavery agitation at the time, [359];
urges American claims upon Mexico with success, [360];
offers Navy Department to Washington Irving, [361];
thought to have erred in giving it to Paulding, [362];
letter of Louis Napoleon to, [362];
cheerful tone of message to second session of Congress, [363];
reaffirms sound financial doctrine, [363];
on Swartwout's defalcation, [364];
appoints Hoyt to succeed him, [364];
asks for appropriations for Seminole war, [366];
asks Congress for support in northeastern boundary question, [367];
damages Democratic party in Maine by his treatment of frontier disputes, [367];
revisits New York, enthusiastic reception, [367], [368];
snubbed by Whigs, [368], [369];
partisan character of his journey and speeches, [369];
encouraged by elections of 1839, [369];
in message of 1839 regrets renewed bank failures, [372];
announces economy in government, [372];
renews attack on banks, [372], [373];
insists on inability of government aid to help the depression, [374];
signs sub-treasury bill, [377];
his administration defended by Democratic convention, [379];
writes letters in campaign, [380];
approves "gag" rule in Congress, [380];
justification of his attitude, [381];
denunciations of him by Webster in campaign, [384];
other attacks upon, as aristocrat and enemy to people, [385];
tries to rely on past record of party, [386];
abandoned by various Democratic factions, [387];
Jackson's letter in support of, [387];
how ridiculed by Whigs in campaign, [388-390];
vote for, in 1840, [390], [391];
composed under defeat, [391];
his final message repeats his views on bank and sub-treasury, [392];
urges prevention of slave trade, [392];
alterations in his cabinet, [393], [394];
welcomes Harrison to White House, [394];
his conduct as president, economy and elegance, [394], [395];
social charm of his administration, [395];
his civility to Adams, [396];
bitter opinion of, held by Adams, [396];
tribute of Clay to, [396], [397].
In Retirement—Candidate for Renomination. Return to New York and Kinderhook, [398];
his estate, [398];
remains leading single figure in party, [399];
continues to have ambition for reëlection, [399];
practically admits this in 1841, [399], [400];
journey through South, [400];
visits Jackson and Clay, [400];
writes long letters on public questions, [400];
views on low tariff, [401];
promises fidelity to Democratic party, [401];
attends funeral of Harrison, [401];
his renomination considered certain until 1844, [401];
only prevented by Texas question, [402];
his record on slavery a colorless one up to 1844, [403];
not subservient to South, [403];
defense of his vote on abolition circulars in mail, and of his opinion on "gag" rule, [404];
suspected by South of hostility to annexation of Texas, [404];
majority of delegates to national convention instructed for, [404];
asked for a distinct statement on Texas, [405];
writes continuing to oppose annexation policy, [405];
his reasons, [405], [406];
willing to yield to a demand on part of Congress, [406];
courage of this open avowal, [407];
endeavor of Jackson to help Van Buren's candidacy, [407];
his previous nominations by two-thirds rule used as precedents in convention, [408];
his nomination prevented by the rule, [409-411];
keeps promise to support Polk, [412];
urges Wright to accept nomination for governorship of New York, [412];
saves New York for Democrats, [413];
the first victim of the slave power, [414];
complimented by convention, [414];
outwardly placid, but secretly embittered by failure to secure nomination, [414].
Free-soil Leader. His followers form the Barnburner wing of Democrats, [415], [416];
alienated from Polk's administration, [417];
sympathizes with secession of Barnburners in 1847, [419], [420];
revives anti-slavery feelings, [420];
angered at proscription of his friends by Polk, [420];
declares an end of his political ambitions, [420], [421];
refuses to commit himself as to origin of Mexican war, [421];
aids in composing Barnburner address of 1847, [424];
his letter to Utica convention, [425-427];
denounces Democratic national convention, [425];
asserts power of Congress over Territories, [426];
refuses to vote for Cass or Taylor, [426];
nominated for president, [427];
at Buffalo convention nominated by Free-soil party, [428];
his letter urging exclusion of slavery from Territories, [429];
rage of Democratic party with, [430];
fails to secure support of anti-slavery Whigs, [431];
vote for, in 1848, [431], [432];
leads Cass in New York, [431];
does not probably expect to be elected, [432];

his candidacy not an act of revenge, [433];
undoubtedly sincere in his advocacy of Free-soil principles, [433];
ends political career, [433].
In Retirement. His career up to 1848 logical and creditable, [434];
had he died then, his reputation would stand higher, [434];
separated beyond hope from his party, [434];
until 1859 sympathizes with Free-soilers, [435];
accepts finality of compromise of 1850, [436];
his justification, love of Union and dread of ruin, [436];
stands with majority of Northern statesmen, [438];
not to be condemned more than Clay or Webster, [439];
writes letter favoring Pierce in 1852, [439];
visits Europe, [440];
declines position as arbitrator upon British-American claims commission, [440];
votes for Buchanan in 1856, [441];
expects squatter sovereignty to succeed, [441];
his distrust of Republican party, [441], [442];
letter in behalf of Buchanan, [442-444];
its cheerless tone, [442];
rehearses history of Democratic party, [443];
laments repeal of Missouri Compromise, [443];
hopes question of slavery in Territories may be settled peaceably, [443];
asserts power of Congress over Territories, [444];
thinks Buchanan can save Union, [444];
unpardoned by South, [444];
votes against Lincoln in 1860, [445];
character of his retirement, [445];
writes autobiographical sketch, [446];
his history of American parties, [446];
condemns Buchanan for accepting Dred Scott decision, [446];
sympathizes with North in civil war, [447];
expresses confidence in Lincoln, [447];
last illness and death, [447];
his funeral, [448].
Character and Place in History. His personal appearance, [449];
elegance, [450];
his country life, thrift, and fortune, [450];
pecuniary integrity, [450];
his polished manners, [451];
called insincere by Adams, [451];
his fairness and personal friendliness to opponents, [452];
his skill in reading and managing men, [452], [453];
not stilted, yet free from dissipation, [453];
social agreeableness, [454];
fictitious stories of his cunning, [454];
his friendships, [454-456];
these the true test of his sincerity, [456];
his placidity under abuse thought hypocritical by opponents, [457];
his caution in political papers, [457];
his popularity in New York, [458];
his true democracy, [458];
creed of his followers, [459];
lack of enthusiasm prevents his being a popular hero, [459];
always follows principles of Jefferson, [460];
his fame dimmed by spoils system, [460];
yet his attitude in respect to it not a discreditable one, [461];
his courage a marked quality, [461], [462];
his prolixity and politeness obscure his clear statements of opinion, [462];
does not belong among mediocrities of the White House, [463];
his eminence as a real leader, [463];
superior to Jackson in wisdom, [463];
and to John Adams in party leadership, [464];
stands with Madison and John Quincy Adams, [464];
comparison with Madison, [464];
with Adams, [465];
comparison with Webster and Clay, [465];
superior to either in party leadership, [465];
summary and review of his career, [465], [466];
his fidelity to principle throughout, [466], [467].
Personal Traits. General estimate of, [3], [462-466];
betting habits, [453];
bitterness, lack of, [123], [152], [163], [223], [420], [452];
cheerfulness, [114], [453];
conservatism, [186], [436];
courage, [87], [183], [195], [215], [266], [325], [407], [436], [461-463];
diplomatic ability, [221], [222];
education, [15-17], [22];
friendships, [454-456];
imperturbability, [228], [253], [391], [396], [414], [445], [451], [456];
integrity, [194], [268], [450], [456];
legal ability, [17-21], [25], [29], [30], [31];
magnetism, lack of, [281], [459];
manners, [4], [15], [18], [72], [206], [394], [395], [451];
modesty, [243], [268], [284];
non-committalism, [79], [147], [151], [265], [380], [400], [421], [461];
oratory, [27], [31], [32], [61], [78], [87], [150], [457];
personal appearance, [1], [449], [450];
private life, [37], [453];
political leadership, [58], [61], [69], [76], [87], [117-119], [131], [150], [153], [157], [179], [180], [431], [452], [454];
scrupulousness, [68], [194], [195], [278];
shrewdness, [197], [207], [224], [229], [369], [452-454];
sincerity, [430], [431];
social qualities, [394], [395], [396], [397], [400], [450];
subserviency, alleged, to South, [403], [404], [439];
unfavorable views of, [158], [196], [223], [230], [231], [244], [256], [325 n.], [384], [385], [396], [406], [451], [456];
unpopularity in later years, [3], [444], [458].
Political Opinions. Bank of United States, [145], [244], [250], [251], [267], [328], [329], [345], [363], [373], [391];
banking, [169], [170], [372], [373];
Barnburners, [419], [425], [429];
British West India trade, [141], [219-222];
Canadian rebellion, [354];
compromise of 1850, [436];
conscription, [62];
Democratic party, [145], [147], [242], [443], [446];
debt, imprisonment for, [26], [27], [98], [116], [142];
Dred Scott decision, [446], [447];
election of 1820, [75];
election of 1824, [115], [116];
election of 1828, [173];
election of 1840, [400];
election of 1848, [425];
elections, reform of, [170], [171];
embargo, [59];
Erie Canal, [65], [66];
expunging resolutions, [267];
Federalists, [70], [127], [152];
gag rule, [380], [381];
independent treasury, [330], [331], [377];
internal improvements, [95], [96], [97], [98], [117], [132], [133], [142], [168], [244], [266];
Jeffersonian principles, [3], [4], [12], [39], [40], [145], [147], [171], [249], [284], [329], [332], [458-460];
judiciary, [83], [84], [85], [134-137], [141], [142];
Kansas question, [442-444];
legislative instructions, [143];
Maine boundary, [367];
Mexican claims, [359], [360];
Mexican war, [421];
Missouri Compromise, [73], [74], [443];
naval academy, [140];
nullification, [244];
office, appointments to, [81], [82], [137-139], [173], [364];
Panama congress, [127-129], [141];
panic of 1837, [327], [328], [345];
party allegiance, [43], [59], [70-72], [175], [401], [414], [420], [426], [432];
preëmption law, [345];
presidential ambition, [193], [223], [242], [254], [278], [399], [400], [405-407], [430], [433];
Republican party of 1856, [441], [442];
slave trade, [392];
slavery, [74], [93], [271], [277], [278], [285], [380], [403], [420], [426], [436];
slavery in Territories, [426], [429], [436], [441], [444];
States' rights, [97], [172];
specie circular, [319], [331];
spoils system, [53], [54], [57], [75], [173-175], [207], [209], [210], [214], [215], [233], [460];
suffrage, basis of, [79], [80];
suffrage, negro, [80], [81];
surplus, distribution of, [265];
tariff, [99], [102], [103], [140], [142], [143], [243], [249], [401];
war of 1812, [50];
war of rebellion, [447].
Van Dyke, ——, votes for Panama congress, [131].
Van Ness, William P., studies of Van Buren with, [17];
his career at the bar, [17];
friendship with Burr, [17];
attacks Clintons and Livingstons in Burr's interest, [43];
his residence bought by Van Buren, [398].
Van Ness, William W., competitor of Van Buren at bar, [20].
Van Rensselaer, Jacob R., at Columbia County bar, [20].
Van Rensselaer, ——, commands a filibustering expedition against Canada, [353].
Van Rensselaer family, gains political influence through landed wealth, [33].
Van Vechten, Abraham, succeeded by Van Buren as attorney-general, [23];
removed by Republicans, [63].
Virginia, Democrats of, refuse to support Johnson for vice-presidency, [259], [260].
Von Holst, H. C., praises bearing of Van Buren during panic, [325];
his unhistorical view of Van Buren, [325 n.], [406 n.]
Walker, Robert J., leads annexationists in Democratic convention of 1844, [408];
induces convention to adopt two-thirds rule, [408], [409];
protests against New York Democrats, [409].
War of 1812, Republican opposition to, [58], [59];
causes of, [59].
Ward, Rev. Thomas, at Buffalo convention, [427].
Washington, George, character of his presidential administration, [5], [6];
his prestige aids Federalists, [38];
refuses to appoint political opponents to office, [46];
his recall of Monroe, [89];
appealed to by Van Buren as authority against Adams's foreign policy, [126-129];
leaves office with popularity, [282];
best of American presidents, [464].
Watkins, Tobias, his removal from office, [212].
Webb, James Watson, abandons Jackson in 1832, [247].
Webster, Daniel, compared with Van Buren as lawyer, [32];
not in Congress in 1821, [94];
against tariff of 1824, [100];
on Panama congress, [130];
inferior to Van Buren as parliamentary leader, [150];
on Jackson's manners, [156];
on Van Buren's prominence in 1829, [179];
his debate with Hayne, [188];
votes to reject Van Buren's nomination as minister to England, [230];
condemns him for un-American conduct, [231];
exaggerates results of removal of deposits, [252];
supported for presidency by Massachusetts Whigs, [260];
condemns bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mails, [276];
vote for, in election of 1836, [280];
urges extension of pet bank system, [299];
later condemns this policy, [300];
approves bill to distribute surplus, [300];
denounces Van Buren for causing panic, [333];
resists attempt to suspend depositing surplus, [334], [338];
ridicules possibility of resumption without government aid, [335];
votes for treasury notes, [339];
votes for preëmption bill, [357];
his speeches in campaign of 1840, [383], [384];
his denunciations of Van Buren, [383], [384];
on Van Buren's vote for the bill to exclude abolition matter from mails, [404];
indignant at Taylor's nomination, [430];
his comment on Van Buren's Free-soil candidacy, [431];
forfeits fame by support of compromise, [435];
his motives, [437];
compared with Van Buren, [465].
Weed, Thurlow, on rotation in office, [67];
praises Albany Regency, [112];
leader of Anti-Masonic party, [245];
manager of New York Whigs, [363];
prevents nomination of Clay in 1840, [378].
Wellington, Duke of, his position in 1832, [227].
West, favors tariff of 1828, [143];
opposes Van Buren in 1836, [280];
development of, after 1820, [288-290];
land hunger in, [289], [294], [309].

Westervelt, Dr. ——, appointed to office by Van Buren, [173];
his "claims," [174].
Whigs, in New York, coalesce with Anti-Masons, [245];
nominate Clay, [246];
their Young Men's convention nominates Clay, [246];
nominate Harrison and Granger in 1836, [260];
their policy in attacking Jackson, [263];
their real platform in Harrison's letter to Sherrod Williams, [264];
their refusal to reduce taxation increases speculation, [299];
and their advocacy of distribution, [300], [301];
rave against Van Buren as author of crisis of 1837, [321], [322], [333];
demand bank, [334-337];
demand payment of fourth installment of surplus, [338];
gain in election of 1837, [337], [342];
in New York, aided by Loco-focos, [344];
transfer name Loco-foco to whole Democratic party, [345];
aided by conservative Democrats, [347];
repeal sub-treasury, [348];
refuse to join popular receptions of Van Buren, [368];
endeavor to force New Jersey congressmen upon House, [377];
nominate Harrison and Tyler, [377], [378];
do not adopt a platform, [378];
their policy in election of 1840, [382-386], [388-390];
campaign songs, [389];
elect Harrison, [390], [391];
their difficulties with Tyler, [401], [402];
defeated in 1844, [412], [413];
support Wilmot Proviso, [417], [418];
nominate Taylor and reject resolution against slavery extension, [430];
anti-slavery members refuse to support Van Buren, [431];
elect Taylor, [432];
accept compromise of 1850, [435];
nominate Scott in 1852, [439];
support Fillmore in 1856, [445].
White, Hugh L., heads secession from Democratic party, [256], [260];
reasons for his candidacy for presidency, [256], [257];
votes for bill to exclude anti-slavery matter from mail, [277];
vote for, [279], [280].
Wilkins, William, receives electoral vote of Pennsylvania in 1832 for vice-president, [248].
William IV., character of his court, [227];
compliments Jackson to Van Buren, [229].
Wilmot, David, offers anti-slavery proviso to three-million bill, [416], [417];
at Barnburner convention, [419].
Wilmot Proviso, origin of Republican party and civil war, [416];
becomes a party question, [417], [418];
discussion of its necessity in New Mexico and California, [418];
abandoned by Republicans in 1861, [438].
Wirt, William, Anti-Masonic candidate for presidency, [167],

[245], [248].
Williams, Elisha, his prominence at Columbia County bar, [20];
his rivalry with Van Buren, [20], [21].
Williams, Sherrod, asks questions of presidential candidates in 1836, [264];
calls Van Buren's reasons for delay "unsatisfactory," [265].
Woodbury, Levi, votes against Panama congress, [131];
secretary of navy, [199];
secretary of treasury under Van Buren, [283].
Wright, Silas, member of Albany Regency, [111];
votes for bill to exclude abolition matter from mail, [277];
votes against distribution of surplus, [301];
leads administration senators, [341];
declines nomination for vice-presidency, [411];
accepts nomination for governor of New York, [412];
elected, [413];
votes against Texas treaty, [413];
leads Barnburners, [415];
offered Treasury Department by Polk, [416];
defeated for reëlection by Hunker opposition, [417];
his friendship for Van Buren, [456].
Young, Samuel, denounces Calhoun for raising Texas question, [410];
presides over Utica convention of 1848, [425].

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