For the Provençal system we have:
1. The Egyptian meridian cubit.
2. The Arabic cubit, 7 palms of the meridian cubit’s 6 palms.
3. The Arabic cubit cubed, in the corn-measure of medieval Egypt, the Cargo of Marseilles, the Setier of Paris.
4. The half-cargo reduced to wine-measure in wheat-water ratio becomes the Mieirolo; of which one-fourth is the Escandau or Standard measure.
5. The Quadrantal containing an Escandau gives, as the measure of its side or panel, the Pán of Marseilles.
The evolution of the English foot, of the Rhineland or Scots foot, of the Pán of Marseilles, being now made clear, we can proceed to English and other linear measures. The origin of the Ounce, the foot, the cubic foot or wine-bushel is explained. That of Troy weight has been seen, and its predecessor, Tower weight, came from another ounce of the Arabic cantar. The origin of every measure and weight used in the civilised world will be found in the stories of the ancient cubits and talents.
[10]. Quadrantal, the Roman standard of capacity, a cubic vessel measuring one foot on each of its inside panels.
[11]. The French word pan has the same meaning, while Fr. empan, a span, is a corruption of espan.