[Fig. 1.—View in Tokio, showing shops and houses. (Copied from a Photograph).]
[Fig. 2.—View in Tokio, showing temples and gardens. (Copied from a Photograph).]
[Fig. 3.—View of Enoshima (Copied from a Photograph).]
[Fig. 4.—Side Framing.]
[Fig 5.—Pounding Down Foundation Stones.]
[Fig. 6.—Foundation Stones.]
[Fig. 7.—Section of Framing.]
[Fig. 8.—Framing.]
[Fig. 9.—End-framing of Large Building.]
[Fig 10.—Roof-frame of Large Building.]
[Fig. 11.—Roof-framing of a Kura.]
[Fig. 12.—Framing of an Ordinary Two-stored House.]
[Fig. 13.—Outside Braces.]
[Fig. 14.—Outside Brace.]
[Fig. 15.—Ornamental Brace.]
[Fig. 16.—Method of Cutting Timber for House-Finish.]
[Fig. 17.—Section of Post Grooved for Partition.]
[Fig. 18.—Bundle of Boards.]
[Fig. 19.—Section of ceiling.]
[Fig. 20.—Ceiling-rafters Supported Temporarily.]
[Fig. 21.—Method of Suspending Ceiling as Seen from Above.]
[Fig. 22.—Ceiling-Board Weighted with Stones.]
[Fig. 23.—Ceiling-Board in Closet.]
[Fig. 24.—Method of Removing Boards from a Bundle to Preserve Uniformity of Grain.]
[Fig. 25.—Arrangement of Square Tiles on Side of House.]
[Fig. 26.—A Japanese Carpenter's Vice.]
[Fig. 27.—Carpenters' Tools in Common Use.]
[Fig. 28.—A Japanese Nail-Basket.]
[Fig. 29.—A Carpenter's Marking-Brush Made of Wood.]
[Fig. 30.—The Sumi-Tsubo.]
[Fig. 31.—The Japanese Plumb-Line.]
[Fig. 32.—Ancient Carpenter (copied from an old painting).]
[Fig. 33.—Street in Kanda Ku, Tokio.]
[Fig. 34.—Street in Kanda Ku, Tokio.]
[Fig. 35.—Block of Cheap Tenements in Tokio.]
[Fig. 36.—Street View of Dwelling in Tokio.]
[Fig. 37.—View of Dwelling from Garden, Tokio.]
[Fig. 38.—Dwelling Near Kudan, Tokio.]
[Fig. 39.—Country Inn in Rikuzen.]
[Fig. 40.—Country Inn in Rikuzen.]
[Fig. 41.—House Near Mororan, Yezo.]
[Fig. 42.—Bay Window, Village of Odzuka, Rikuzen.]
[Fig. 43.—Three-storied House in Rikuchiu.]
[Fig. 44.—Street in the Suburbs of Morioka.]
[Fig. 45.—Old Farm-house in Kabutoyama.]
[Fig. 46.—Entrance to Court-yard of Old House in Kioto.]
[Fig. 47.—Old house in Kioto. Court-yard view.]
[Fig. 48.—Old House in Kioto, Garden View.]
[Fig. 49.—House in Tokio.]
[Fig. 50.—View from the Second Story of Dwelling in Imado, Tokio.]
[Fig. 51.—Old Inn in Mishima, Suruga.]
[Fig. 52.—Village Street in Nasaike, Yamashiro.]
[Fig. 53.—Shore of Osumi.]
[Fig. 54.—Farmer's Houses in Mototaru-Midsu, Osumi.]
[Fig. 55.—Fishermen's Huts in Hakodate.]
[Fig. 56.—Fishermen's Huts in Enoshima.]
[Fig. 57.—Kura in Tokio.]
[Fig. 58.—Kura, or Fire-proof Buildings in Tokio.]
[Fig. 59.—Old House in Hakodate.]
[Fig. 60.—Hisashi.]
[Fig. 61.—Bunch of shingles, nails, and hammer.]
[Fig. 62.—Shingler's Hand.]
[Fig. 63.—Bamboo Strips on Shingle-Roof.]
[Fig. 64.—Roof with shingles partly laid.]
[Fig. 65.—Ridge on shingle-roof in Musashi.]
[Fig. 66.—Water-conductor.]
[Fig. 67.—Ridge of tiled roof.]
[Fig. 68.—Ornamental coping of tiles.]
[Fig. 69.—Ornamental coping of tiles.]
[Fig. 70.—Ornamental coping of tiles.]
[Fig. 71.—Eaves of tiled roof.]
[Fig. 72.—Nagasaki tiled roof.]
[Fig. 73.—Hon-gawara, or True Tile.]
[Fig. 74.—Yedo-gawara, or Yedo-tile eaves.]
[Fig. 75.—French tile eaves.]
[Fig. 76.—Itami tile for ridge.]
[Fig. 77.—Stone roof.]
[Fig. 78.—Thatch, and thatcher's implements.]
[Fig. 79.—End of roof in Fujita, Iwaki.]
[Fig. 80.—Tiled ridge of thatched roof in Iwaki.]
[Fig. 81.—Tiled ridge of thatched roof in Musashi.]
[Fig. 82.—Bamboo-ridge of thatched roof in Musashi.]
[Fig. 83.—Thatched Roof, near Tokio.]
[Fig. 84.—Thatched roof, near Tokio.]
[Fig. 85.—Ridge of thatched roof at Kabutoyama, Musashi.]
[Fig. 86.—Crest of thatched roof in Omi.]
[Fig. 87.—Tile and bamboo ridge of thatched roof, Takatsuki, Setsu.]
[Fig. 88.—Crest of thatched roof in Mikawa.]
[Fig. 89.—Crest of thatched roof in Kioto.]
[Fig. 90.—Crest of thatched roof in Mikawa.]
[Fig. 91.—Crest of thatched roof in Kii.]
[Fig. 92.—Thatched roof in Totomi.]
[Fig. 93.—Crest of thatched roof in Kii.]
[Fig. 94.—Crest of thatched roof in Ise.]
[Fig. 95.—Paved space under eaves of thatched roof.]
[Fig. 96.—Guest-room in Hachi-ishi.]
[Fig. 97.—Plan of dwelling-house in Tokio. P, Parlor or Guest-room; S, Sitting-room; D, Dining-room; L, Library, St, Study, SR Servants' Room; B, Bed-room, K, Kitchen, H, Hall; V Vestibule; C, Closet; T Tokonoma; Sh, Shrine, U and L, Privy.]
[Fig. 98.—Plan of dwelling-house in Tokio. P, Parlor or Guest-room; B, Bed-room, K, Kitchen, SR Servants' Room; BR, Bath Room, E, E, Side-entrances, V Vestibule; H, Hall; WR, Waiting-room; C, Closet; T Tokonoma; U and L, Privy.]
[Fig. 99.—Plan of a portion of a Daimyo's residence.]
[Fig. 100.—Mat.]
[Fig. 101.—Arrangement of mats in different-sized rooms.]
[Fig. 102.—Attitude of woman in sitting.]
[Fig. 103.—Section through verandah and guest-room.]
[Fig. 104.—Reed-screen.]
[Fig. 105.—Sliding panel.]
[Fig. 106.—Hikite.]
[Fig. 107.—Hikite.]
[Fig. 108.—Hikite.]
[Fig. 109.—Hikite.]
[Fig. 110.—Hikite with cord.]
[Fig. 111.—Straightening shōji frame.]
[Fig. 112.—Shōji with ornamental frame.]
[Fig. 113.—Portion of Toko-Bashira.]
[Figs. 114, 115, 116, and 117. Ornamental-headed nails.]
[Fig. 118.—Shelves contrasted with conventional drawing of mist, or clouds.]
[Fig. 119.—Guest-room.]
[Fig. 120.—Guest-room, with recesses in corners.]
[Fig. 121.—Guest-room showing circular window.]
[Fig. 122.—Guest-room showing writing-place.]
[Fig. 123.—Guest-room with wide tokonoma.]
[Fig. 124.—Small guest-room.]
[Fig. 125.—Guest-room of dwelling in Tokio.]
[Fig. 126.—Guest-koom in Kiyomidzu, Kioto.]
[Fig. 127.—Guest-room of dwelling in Tokio.]
[Fig. 128.—Guest-room of a country house.]
[Fig. 129.—Corner of guest-room.]
[Fig. 130.—Tea-room in Nan-en-ji temple, Kioto.]
[Fig. 131.—Tea-room in Fujimi pottery, Nagoya.]
[Fig. 132.—Tea-room in Miyajima.]
[Fig. 133.—Kitchen for tea-utensils.]
[Fig. 134.—Tea-room in Imado, Tokio.]
[Fig. 135.—Corner of the tea-room shown in Fig. 134.]
[Fig. 136.—Room in second story of an old building in Kawagoye, Musashi.]
[Fig. 137.—Room in kura fitted up as a library, Tokio.]
[Fig. 138.—Framework for draping room in kura.]
[Fig. 139.—Space between dwelling and kura, roofed over and utilized as a kitchen in Tokio.]
[Fig. 140.—Doorway of an old kura in Kioto.]
[Fig. 141.—Key to kura, and bunch of keys.]
[Fig. 142.—Padlock to kura.]
[Fig. 143.—Panelled ceiling.]
[Fig. 144.—Ramma in Hakòne Village.]
[Fig. 145.—Bamboo ramma.]
[Fig. 146.—Porcelain ramma in Tokio.]
[Fig. 147.—Ramma of bamboo and perforated panel.]
[Fig. 148.—Carved wood ramma in Gojio Village, Yamato.]
[Fig. 149.—Carved wood ramma in town of Yatsushiro, Higo.]
[Fig. 150.—Ramma, composed of two thin boards, in Nagoya, Owari.]
[Fig. 151.—Shōji for window.]
[Fig. 152.—Shōji-frame for window.]
[Fig. 153.—Shōji-frame for window.]
[Fig. 154.—Window.]
[Fig. 155.—Biyō-bu, or folding screen.]
[Fig. 156.—Wrought metallic mounting of screen frame.]
[Fig. 157.—Screen-box.]
[Fig. 158.—Foot-weight for screen.]
[Fig. 159.—Furosaki Biyō-bu.]
[Fig. 160.—Model of tsui-tate in pottery.]
[Fig. 161.—Tsui-tate.]
[Fig. 162.—Bamboo curtains.]
[Fig. 163.—Bamboo curtain.]
[Fig. 164.—Curtain screen.]
[Fig. 165.—Fringed curtains.]
[Fig. 166.—Slashed curtain.]
[Fig. 167.—Kitchen in old farmhouse at Kabutoyama.]
[Fig. 168.—Kitchen range.]
[Fig. 169.—Kitchen range, with smoke-conductor.]
[Fig. 170.—Kitchen in city house.]
[Fig. 171.—Braziers.]
[Fig. 172.—Bamboo rack and knife case.]
[Fig. 173.—Ji-zai]
[Fig. 174.—Fireplace in country house.]
[Fig. 175.—The best fireplace.]
[Fig. 176.—An adjustable device for supporting a kettle.]
[Fig. 177.—Kitchen closet, drawers, cupboard, and stairs combined.]
[Fig. 178.—Stair-rail.]
[Fig. 179.—Steps to verandah.]
[Fig. 180.—Bath-tub with side oven.]
[Fig. 181.—Bath-tub with inside flue.]
[Fig. 182.—Bath-tub in section, with oven outside the room.]
[Fig. 183.—Bath-tub with outside heating-chamber.]
[Fig. 184.—Bath-tub with iron base.]
[Fig. 185.—Lavatory in country inn.]
[Fig. 186.—Lavatory in private house.]
[Fig. 187.—Lavatory copied from Japanese book.]
[Fig. 188-192.—Forms of towel-racks.]
[Fig. 193.—Forms of pillow in common use.]
[Fig. 194.—Showing position of head in resting on pillow.]
[Fig. 195.—Heating arrangement in floor.]
[Fig. 196.—Elbow-rest.]
[Fig. 197.—Common hibachi.]
[Fig. 198.—Hibachi.]
[Fig. 199.—Hibachi.]
[Fig. 200.—Hibachi arranged for company.]
[Fig. 201.—Tabako-bon.]
[Fig. 202.—Tabako-box.]
[Fig. 203.—Tabako-box.]
[Fig. 204.—Pan for holding burning charcoal.]
[Fig. 205.—Iron candlestick.]
[Fig. 206.—Lamp.]
[Fig. 207.—Lamp.]
[Fig. 208.—Lamp and laquered stand.]
[Fig. 209.—Wall-lamp.]
[Fig. 210.—Lamp.]
[Fig. 211.—Pottery lamp.]
[Fig. 212.—Pottery lamp.]
[Fig. 213.—Pottery candlestick.]
[Fig. 214.—Fixed street-lantern.]
[Fig. 215.—Household shrine.]
[Fig. 216.—Swallows' nests in private house.]
[Fig. 217.—Interior of privy.]
[Fig. 218.—Privy of inn in Hachi-ishi village, Nikko.]
[Fig. 219.—Privy connected with a merchant's house in Asakusa.]
[Fig. 220.—Interior of a privy in Asakusa.]
[Fig. 221.—Main entrance to house.]
[Fig. 222.—Plan of vestibule and hall.]
[Fig. 223.—Shoe-closet.]
[Fig. 224.—Lantern-shelf in hall.]
[Fig. 225.—Grated entrance, with sliding door.]
[Fig. 226.—Verandah floor.]
[Fig. 227.—Verandah of an old Kioto house.]
[Fig. 228.—Balcony rail.]
[Fig. 229.—Balcony rail and perforated panels.]
[Fig. 230.—Balcony rail.]
[Fig. 231.—Balcony rail.]
[Fig. 232.—Balcony rail.]
[Fig. 233.—Rain-door lock unbolted.]
[Fig. 234.—Rain-door lock bolted.]
[Fig. 235.—Knob for rain-door.]
[Fig. 236.—Corner-roller for rain-door.]
[Fig. 237.—Verandah showing swinging closet for rain-doors, and also Chōdzu-bachi.]
[Fig. 238.—Chōdzu-bachi.]
[Fig. 239.—Chōdzu-bachi.]
[Fig. 240.—Chōdzu-bachi.]
[Fig. 241.—Chōdzu-bachi and Hisashi-yen.]
[Fig. 242.—Gateway in yashiki building.]
[Fig. 243.—Gateway of city house from within.]
[Fig. 244.—Gate-rattle.]
[Fig. 245.—Bolt for little sliding door in gateway.]
[Fig. 246.—Gateway to city residence.]
[Fig. 247.—Gateway to city residence.]
[Fig. 248.—Gateway near Tokio.]
[Fig. 249.—Gateway.]
[Fig. 250.—Rustic gateway.]
[Fig. 251.—Rustic gateway.]
[Fig. 252.—Rustic garden gate.]
[Fig. 253.—Garden gateway.]
[Fig. 254.—Ordinary wooden fence.]
[Fig. 255.—Stake fence.]
[Fig. 256.—Bamboo fence.]
[Fig. 257.—Fence in Hakòne village.]
[Fig. 258.—Rustic garden-fence.]
[Fig. 259.—Sode-gaki.]
[Fig. 260.—Sode-gaki.]
[Fig. 261.—Sode-gaki.]
[Fig. 262.—Barred opening in a fence.]
[Fig. 263.—Garden tablet.]
[Fig. 264.—Ishi-dōrō in Tokio]
[Fig. 265.—Ishi-dōrō in Miyajima]
[Fig. 266.—Ishi-dōrō in Shirako, Musashi.]
[Fig. 267.—Ishi-dōrō in Utsunomiya.]
[Fig. 268.—Stone foot-bridge.]
[Fig. 269.—Stone foot-bridge.]
[Fig. 270.—Garden brook and foot-bridge.]
[Fig. 271.—Summer-house in private garden, Tokio.]
[Fig. 272.—Summer-house in imperial garden, Tokio.]
[Fig. 273.—Rustic opening in summer-house, Kobe.]
[Fig. 274.—Rustic opening in summer-house, Okazaki.]
[Fig. 275.—Various forms of garden paths.]
[Fig. 276.—Wooden trough for plants.]
[Fig. 277.—Plant-pot of old plank.]
[Fig. 278.—Dwarf plum.]
[Fig. 279.—Dwarf pine.]
[Fig. 280.—Curiously trained pine-tree.]
[Fig. 281.—Dwarfed pine.]
[Fig. 282.—Shrubs wrapped in straw for winter.]
[Fig. 283.—Showing approaches to house. (Reproduced from “Chikusan teizoden”, a Japanese work.)]
[Fig. 284.—Little garden belonging to the priests of a buddhist temple. (Reproduced from “Chikusan teizoden”, a Japanese work.)]
[Fig. 285.—Garden of a merchant. (Reproduced from “Chikusan teizoden”, a Japanese work.)]
[Fig. 286.—Garden of a daimio. (Reproduced from “Chikusan teizoden”, a Japanese work.)]
[Fig. 287.—Ancient form of well-curb.]
[Fig. 288.—Stone well-curb in private garden.]
[Fig. 289.—Wooden well-frame.]
[Fig. 290.—Rustic well-frame.]
[Fig. 291.—Aqueduct reservoir at Miyajima, Aki.]
[Fig. 292.—Aqueducts at Miyajima, Aki.]
[Fig. 293.—Well at Kaga Yashiki, Tokio.]
[Fig. 294.—Hanging flower-holder of bamboo.]
[Fig. 295.—Hanging flower-holder of basket-work.]
[Fig. 296.—Cheap bracket for flower-pots.]
[Fig. 297.—Curious combination of buckets for flowers.]
[Fig. 298.—Framed picture, with supports.]
[Fig. 299.—Hashira kakushi.]
[Fig. 300.—Writing-desk.]
[Fig. 301.—Staging on house-roof, with bucket and brush.]
[Fig. 302.—Box for transporting articles.]
[Fig. 303.—Malay house near singapore.]
[Fig. 304.—Ridge of roof in Cholon, Anam.]
[Fig. 305.—Interior of Malay house, showing bed-place. Singapore.]
[Fig. 306.—Aino house, Yezo.]
[Fig. 307.—Aino house, Yezo.]

[pg vi]

To William Sturgis Bigelow, M.D. In memory of the delightful experiences in the “Heart of Japan” this volume is affectionately inscribed by the AUTHOR.

[pg vii]

PREFACE

In an exceedingly interesting article on the early study of the Dutch in Japan, by Professor K. Mitsukuri,[1] the author has occasion to refer to the uncle of one of the three famous Japanese scholars who translated into Japanese a Dutch book on anatomy. He says this uncle “Miyada was almost eccentric in his disposition. He held it to be a solemn duty to learn any art or accomplishment that might be going out of the world, and then describe it so fully that it might be preserved to posterity.” The nephew was faithful to his uncle's instructions, and “though following medicine for his profession, he took it upon himself to learn ‘hitoyogiri,’—a certain kind of music which was well-nigh forgotten,—and even went so far as to study a kind of dramatic acting.”

Though not animated by Miyada's spirit when I set about the task of collecting the material embodied in this work, I feel now that the labor has not been altogether in vain, as it may result in preserving many details of the Japanese house,—some of them trivial, perhaps,—which in a few decades of years may be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. Whether this has been accomplished or not, the praiseworthy ambition of the old Japanese scholar might well be imitated by the ethnological student in his investigations,—since nothing can be of greater importance than the study of those nations and [pg viii] peoples who are passing through profound changes and readjustments as a result of their compulsory contact with the vigorous, selfish, and mercantile nations of the West, accompanied on their part by a propagandism in some respects equally mercenary and selfish.

Thanks to the activity of a number of students of various nationalities in the employ of the Japanese government, and more especially to the scholarly attachés of the English legation in Japan, much information has been obtained concerning this interesting people which might otherwise have been lost. If investigators and students would bear in mind the precept of Miyada, and seize upon those features in social life—forms of etiquette, frames, ceremonies, and other manners and customs—which are the first to change in any contact with alien races, a very important work would be accomplished for the future sociologist. The native Japanese student might render the greatest service in this work by noting down from the older persons, before it is too late, the social features and habits of his own people as they were before the late Revolution. Profound changes have already taken place in Japan, and other changes are still in progress. As an indication of the rapidity of some of these changes, reference might be made to an interesting memoir, by Mr. McClatchie, on “The Feudal Mansions of Yedo;” and though this was written but ten years after the revolution of 1868, he speaks of the yashiki, or fortified mansions where dwelt the feudal nobles of Japan, as in “many cases deserted, ruined, and fallen into decay;” and he describes observances and manners connected with the yashiki, such as “etiquette of the gates,” “exchange of yashiki,” “rules relating to fires,” etc., which were then obsolete at the time of his writing, though in full force but a few years before.