For the quotations in the notes from Greek writers, more precise references will usually be found in the sections named of von Arnim’s Stoicorum veterum fragmenta. In addition the following amplifications or corrections are needed:

[P. 105], n. 44; Clem. Strom. ii 21, 129. [P. 133], n. 38; Nem. nat. hom. vi 13. [P. 142], n. 86; Sext. math. vii 184. [P. 158], n. 17; Simp. Arist. cat. p. 269, 14 K; Cens. fr. 1, 1. [P. 159], n. 20; Simp. Arist. cat. p. 350, 16 K. [P. 160], n. 30; for τόνος the word λόγος is now read, making the quotation inapplicable. [P. 161], n. 133; add the words τοὺς ἐν ἑαυτῷ λόγους. The reference is to Simpl. Arist. cat. p. 306, 23 K. [P. 164], n. 45; Simp. Arist. cat. p. 66, 32 K; n. 47, ib. p. 165, 32 K. [P. 166], n. 60; ib. p. 269, 14 K. [P. 168], n. 75; ib. p. 165, 32 K. [P. 173], n. 110; Galen const. art. med. p. 253 K; n. 111, meth. med. i 2 p. 16 K. [P. 185], n. 79; for ἀπὸ read ὑπὸ. [P. 187], n. 86; Sext. math. viii 271. [P. 193], n. 130; Nemes. nat. hom. xxxviii 95. [P. 196], n. 145; Galen de temp. p. 617 K. [P. 222], n. 33; Corn. N. D. ii. [P. 224], n. 47; Sext. math. vii 93. [P. 251], n. 76; Galen plac. Hipp. et Plat. p. 242 K. [P. 255], n. 86; for μῖγμα read μίγμα. [P. 264], n. 139; to the quotation from Comm. in Luc. ix 6 add ‘et esse sic immortales ut non moriantur sed resolvantur.’ [P. 298], n. 184; Alex. Aph. de fato 28, p. 199, 18 B.

CONTENTS

CHAP.PAGE
I.The World-Religions[1]
II.Heraclitus and Socrates[29]
III.The Academy and the Porch[53]
IV.The Preaching of Stoicism[78]
V.The Stoic Sect in Rome[99]
VI.Of Reason and Speech[128]
VII.The Foundations of Physics[155]
VIII.The Universe[175]
IX.The Supreme Problems[198]
X.Religion[216]
XI.The Kingdom of the Soul[238]
XII.The Law for Humanity[273]
XIII.Daily Duties[301]
XIV.Sin and Weakness[330]
XV.Counsels of Perfection[357]
XVI.Stoicism in Roman History and Literature[380]
XVII.The Stoic Strain in Christianity[408]
Bibliography:
I.Ancient Writers and Philosophers[437]
II.Modern Writers[445]
General Index[451]
Greek Index[466]

CHAPTER I.
THE WORLD-RELIGIONS.

Roman literature.

1. The present work treats of a subject of outstanding interest in the literature which is associated with the history of the Roman State, and which is expressed partly in Hellenistic Greek, partly in Latin. In the generations preceding our own, classical study has, to a large extent, attended to form rather than to matter, to expression rather than to content. To-day it is beginning to take a wider outlook. We are learning to look on literature as an unveiling of the human mind in its various stages of development, and as a key to the true meaning of history. The literature of Greece proper does not cease to attract us by its originality, charm, and variety; but the new interest may yet find its fullest satisfaction in Roman literature; for of all ancient peoples the Romans achieved most, and their achievements have been the most enduring. It was the Roman who joined the ends of the world by his roads and his bridges, poured into crowded towns unfailing supplies of corn and perennial streams of pure water, cleared the countryside of highwaymen, converted enemies into neighbours, created ideals of brotherhood under which the nations were united by common laws and unfettered marriage relations, and so shaped a new religion that if it shattered an empire it yet became the mother of many nations. We are the inheritors of Roman civilization; and if we have far surpassed it in scientific knowledge and material plenty, we are not equally confident that we possess better mental balance, or more complete social harmony. In this direction the problems of Roman life are the problems of Western life to-day; and the methods by which they were approached in the Roman world deserve more than ever to be studied by us. Such a study, if it is to be in any true sense historical, must break through the convention by which ancient Greece and Rome have come to be treated as a world apart; it must seek its starting point in the distant past, and count that of chief importance which will bear fruit in the ages that follow.