European Systems.
Of the breech-loading systems of Europe there are at present but two distinct types in use—the French and the Krupp—the latter being the one at present most fully represented, it being the standard ordnance of Germany, Russia, Austria, Denmark, and Holland.
The French type is the standard of France, Spain, Sweden, and, as may now be claimed, Italy. Armstrong, whose artillery is almost as fully represented as Krupp’s, has adopted the French type, and this will in all probability make this type the standard in those countries who purchase guns instead of manufacturing them.
The muzzle-loading types were abolished by all the manufacturing nations of Europe except England by 1864, although the prestige of Armstrong’s ordnance has kept up the supply to the smaller nations to the present time. This ordnance has been steadily growing in disfavor, and the latest development in rifled ordnance (enlarging the powder-chamber) will probably lead to its disuse.
United States Ordnance.
- A = Length of Bore.
- B = Calibre.
- C = Number of Grooves.
- D = Twist of Rifling.
- E = Weight.
| Name, Nature, and Classification. | Gun. | F | G | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | |||
| In. | In. | Feet. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | ||
| Muzzle-loading Rifles. | |||||||
| 8 inch converted | 136 | 8 | 15 | 40 | 17,350 | 3,790 | 3,710 |
| 100-pdr. Parrott | 130 | 6.4 | 9 | 0/19 | 9,700 | 1,300 | Directing Bar |
| 60-pdr. ” | 105 | 5.3 | 7 | 0/15 | 5,400 | 1,970 | ” |
| 30-pdr. ” | 4.2 | 5 | 0/12 | 3,550 | 1,970 | ” | |
| 20-pdr. ” | 3.7 | 5 | 0/10 | 1,750 | 802 | ” | |
| 20-pdr. Dahlgren | 65.6 | 4 | 3 | 12½ | 1,350 | 802 | ” |
| 12-pdr. bronze | 55 | 3.4 | 3 | 10 | 880 | 482 | Boat Carriage |
| Breech-loading Rifles. | |||||||
| 80-pdr. converted | 6.4 | 9 | 0/19 | 10,166 | 1,300 | Directing Bar | |
| 60-pdr. ” | 5.3 | 7 | 0/15 | 5,270 | 1,970 | ” | |
| 30-pdr. ” | 4.2 | 5 | 0/12 | 3,428 | 1,970 | ” | |
| 20-pdr. bronze, converted | 4 | 6 | 12½ | 1,340 | 832 | Boat Carriage | |
| 20-pdr. converted | 3.7 | 5 | 0/10 | 1,740 | 826 | ” | |
| 7-pdr. bronze, heavy | 3 | 16 | 7½ | 535 | 500 | ” | |
| 7-pdr. ” light | 3 | 16 | 7½ | 350 | 450 | ” | |
| Smooth-bores. | Weight of Shot. Lbs. | ||||||
| 15-inch | 146 | 15 | 450 | 43,000 | 18,000 | Turret Carriage | |
| 11-inch | 131 | 11 | 166 | 16,000 | 3,790 | 3,710 | |
| 9-inch | 107 | 9 | 90 | 9,000 | 1,300 | Marsilly | |
| 8-inch | 96 | 8 | 65 | 6,500 | 860 | ” | |
| 32-pdr. | 92 | 6.4 | 32.5 | 4,500 | 735 | ” | |
| 24-pdr. bronze | 58 | 5.8 | Shell Guns. | 1,310 | 730 | ” | |
| 12-pdr. ” heavy | 55 | 4.6 | 760 | Boat 482 | Field 487 | ||
| 12-pdr. ” light | 50 | 4.6 | 430 | 233 | 381 | ||
- A = Weight of Shell.
- B = Charge of Powder in Shell.
- C = Powder Charge.
- D = Initial Velocity.
- E = Muzzle Energy.
| Name, Nature, and Classification. | A | B | C | D | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lbs. | Lbs. | Ozs. | Lbs. | Feet. | Foot Tons. | |
| Muzzle-loading Rifles. | ||||||
| 8-inch converted | 180 | 10 | 0 | 35 | 1,450 | 2,627 |
| 100-pdr. Parrott | 100 | 3 | 11 | 15 | 1,080 | 810 |
| 60-pdr. ” | 48 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1,320 | |
| 30-pdr. ” | 29 | 1 | 8 | 3¼ | ||
| 20-pdr. ” | 18 | 0 | 13 | 2 | ||
| 20-pdr. Dahlgren | 18 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| 12-pdr. bronze | 12 | 0 | 8 | 1 | ||
| Breech-loading Rifles. | ||||||
| 80-pdr. converted | 80 | 3 | 11 | 15 | 1,250 | |
| 60-pdr. ” | 50 | 6 | ||||
| 30-pdr. ” | 30 | 3½ | ||||
| 20-pdr. bronze, converted | 18 | 0 | 8 | 2 | ||
| 20-pdr. converted | 20 | 2 | 1,070 | |||
| 7-pdr. bronze, heavy | 7 | 1 | 1,087 | 63 | ||
| 7-pdr. bronze, light | 7 | ¾ | 1,087 | 63 | ||
| Smoth-bores. | ||||||
| 15-inch | 352 | 13 | 0 | 100 | 1,600 | 7,997 |
| 11-inch | 136 | 6 | 0 | 30 | 1,062 | 1,300 |
| 9-inch | 74 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 1,820 | 847 |
| 8-inch | 58 | 1 | 11 | 7 | ||
| 32-pdr. | 27 | 0 | 14 | 6 | ||
| 24-pdr. bronze | 23 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| 12-pdr. ” heavy | 12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 12-pdr. ” light | 12 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ||