[Footnote 58: Kapila's system, usually known as the
S[=a]nkhya.]
[Footnote 59: And attributed to Pata[=n.]jali. Compare
Deussen, System des Ved[=a]nta, p. 20.]
[Footnote 60: Born In 788. But some scholars refer him to
the seventh century. See IA. xiii. 95; xvi. 41. His name, a
title of Çiva, indicates his nominal sect.]
[Footnote 61: For the meaning of Ved[=a]nta (whether 'end of
Veda,' or 'goal of Veda') compare Deussen, loc. cit. p. 3,
note (above, p. 253, note).]
[Footnote 62: The Supreme Spirit or All-Spirit is either purely non-dualistic or qualifiedly non-dualistic; in the latter event he is, says the sectary, identical with Vishnu, who may be represented either by Krishna or R[=a]ma (sub-sects). Pure non-duality (unconditioned [=a]tm[=a]) was taught by Çankara.]
[Footnote 63: Gough, Philosophy of the Upanishads.. Compare Williams, loc. cit. In our own view the unsystematic Upanishads teach both doctrines (above, p. 228, note).]
[Footnote 64: Before K[=a]m[=a]nuja it was taught by Ç[=a]ndilya that brahma (and the individual spirit) was conditioned, a doctrine supposed to be that of the old Bh[=a]gavatas or P[=a][.n]car[=a]tras; but this is quite uncertain. The Ç[=a]ndilyan chapter of the Ch[=a]ndogya Upanishad (above, p. 221) may be thus interpreted, vis, that the (conditioned) individual spirit is identical with brahma.]
[Footnote 65: Thibaut, Introduction to the Ved[=a]nta
S[=u]tras, SBE. XXXIV. p. XXXI; Deussen, System des
Ved[=a]nta, p.469.]
[Footnote 66: Philosophical illusion, m[=a]n[=a], appears
first in late Upanishads.]
[Footnote 67: The author of the Dabist[=a]n (seventeenth century) tells a Berkeleyan story in regard to Çankara's doctrine of illusion. His enemies wished to test his belief in his own philosophy; so they drove an elephant at him, on which the philosopher ran away. "Ho!" they jeered, "Did you not maintain that all was a mere illusion? Then an elephant is illusion. Yet you take to flight before it." "Yes," replied the philosopher, "all is illusion; there was no elephant, and there was no flight" (II. 4).]