[95] Stephen, op. cit. ii. 97 sq.
[96] Erskine-Rankine, Principles of the Law of Scotland, p. 546.
[97] Bishop, Commentaries on the Criminal Law, § 368, vol. i. 209.
[98] Italian Codice Penale, art. 53. Spanish Código Penal reformado, art. 8, § 2.
[99] Austrian (Finger, op. cit. i. 110), Dutch (van Hamel, in Législation pénale comparée, edited by von Liszt, p. 444), Portuguese (Tavares de Medeiros, ibid. p. 199), Russian (Foinitzki, ibid. p. 529) law.
[100] German Strafgesetzbuch, art. 55.
[101] Swedish (Uppström, in Législation pénale comparée, p. 483), Finnish (Forsman, ibid. p. 565) law.
[102] French, Belgian, Ottoman law (Rivière, ibid. p. 7).
[103] Code Pénal, art. 66 sqq.
[104] Stephen, op. cit. ii. 98. Kenny, Outlines of Criminal Law, p. 50.