[66] Ellis, Polynesian Researches, i. 395.
Whilst the regard which children owe their parents makes parricide an aggravated form of murder, the paternal power sometimes implies that, under certain circumstances, the father is allowed to kill even his grown-up child. Though the Chinese Penal Code provides a slight punishment for parents who punish disobedient children with death,[67] the crime is practically ignored by the authorities.[68] Among the Hebrews, in early times, a father might punish his incontinent daughter with death.[69] The Roman house-father had jus vitæ necisque—the power of life and death—over his children. However, this power did not imply that he could kill them without a just cause;[70] already in pagan times a father who killed his son “latronis magis quam patris jure,” was punished as a murderer.[71] As Dean Milman observes, long before Christianity entered into Roman legislation, “the life of a child was as sacred as that of the parent; and Constantine, when he branded the murder of a son with the name of parricide, hardly advanced upon the dominant feeling.[72] Nor is there any reason to suppose that, among savages, the father possesses an absolute right of life and death over his children. On the contrary, among many of the lower races the existence of such a right is expressly denied.[73]
[67] Ta Tsing Leu Lee, sec. cccxix. p. 347:—“If a father, mother, paternal grandfather or grandmother, chastises a disobedient child or grandchild in a severe and uncustomary manner, so that he or she dies, the party so offending shall be punished with 100 blows.—When any of the aforesaid relations are guilty of killing such disobedient child or grandchild designedly, the punishment shall be extended to 60 blows and one year’s banishment.”
[68] Douglas, Society in China, p. 78 sq.
[69] Genesis, xxxviii. 24.
[70] Mittermaier, ‘Beyträge zur Lehre vom Verbrechen des Kindesmordes,’ in Neues Archiv des Criminalrechts, vii. 4. Walter, Geschichte des Römischen Rechts, § 537, vol. ii. 147. von Jhering, Geist des römischen Rechts, ii. 220. Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht, p. 619.
[71] Digesta, xlviii. 9. 5. Orosius, Historiæ, v. 16. Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht, p. 618.
[72] Milman, History of Latin Christianity, ii. 25.
[73] Lang, in Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse von eingeborenen Völkern in Afrika und Ozeanien, p. 224 (Washambala). Desoignies, ibid. p. 271 (Msalala). Marx, ibid. p. 349 (Amahlubi). Kohler, ‘Recht der Hottentotten,’ in Zeitschr. f. vergl. Rechtswiss. xv. 347. Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, i. 52 sq.
But whilst a father only in rare cases, and then merely as a measure of justice, is allowed to put to death his grown-up child, he very frequently has the right of destroying a new-born infant. Nay, in many instances infanticide is not only permitted, but enjoined by custom.