[25] Legge, Chinese Classics, i. 111. Douglas, Confucianism and Taouism, p. 145.
[26] Dautremer, loc. cit. p. 83. Cf. Griffis, Corea, p. 227 (Coreans).
[27] Numbers, xxxv. 19.
[28] For modern Arabs, see Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, p. 313 sq.; Blunt, Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates, ii. 207.
[29] Geiger, op. cit. ii. 32 (Avesta people). Leist, Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, p. 422. Idem, Græco-italische Rechtsgeschichte, p. 323 sqq. de Valroger, op. cit. p. 472 (Celts). Nordström, Bidrag till den svenska samhälls-författningens historia, ii. 229; Stemann, Den Danske Retshistorie indtil Christian V.’s Lov, p. 574; Keyser, Efterladte Skrifter, ii. pt. ii. 95; Rosenberg, Nordboernes Aandsliv, i. 487 (Teutons). Miklosich, ‘Die Blutrache bei den Slaven,’ in Denkschriften der kaiserl. Akademie d. Wissensch. Philos. histor. Classe, Vienna, xxxvi. 127 sqq. Ewers, Das alteste Recht der Russen, p. 50 sq.
[30] Hahn, Albanesische Studien, i. 176.
[31] Popović, op. cit. p. 69. Kohl, op. cit. i. 409, 413 sqq. Miklosich, loc. cit. p. 145.
[32] Gregorovius, op. cit. i. 180 sq. For other instances of blood-revenge as a duty, see Boas, ‘Central Eskimo,’ Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn. vi. 582; Petroff, ‘Report on Alaska,’ in Tenth Census of the United States, p. 158 (Atkha Aleuts); Kohler, in Zeitschr. f. vergl. Rechtswiss. vii. 376 (Papuans of New Guinea); Modigliani, Viaggio a Nías, p. 471; Bowring, Visit to the Philippine Islands, p. 177; Macpherson, Memorials of Service in India, p. 82 (Kandhs); Radde, Die Chews’uren, p. 115; von Haxthausen, Transcaucasia, p. 406 sqq. (Ossetes); Munzinger, Die Sitten und das Recht der Bogos, p. 87; Mungo Park, Travels in the Interior of Africa, p. 13 (Feloops bordering on the Gambia); Leuschner, in Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse von eingeborenen Völkern in Afrika und Ozeanien, p. 23 (Bakwiri); ibid. p. 49 (Banaka and Bapuku); Nicole, ibid. p. 132 (Diakité-Sarrakolese); Lang, ibid. p. 256 sq. (Washambala); Kraft, ibid. p. 292 (Wapokomo); Viehe, ibid. p. 311 (Ovaherero); Rautanen, ibid. p. 341 (Ondonga); Sorge, ibid. p. 418 (Nissan Islanders in the Bismarck Archipelago).
The duty of blood-revenge is, in the first place, regarded as a duty to the dead, not merely because he has been deprived of his highest good, his life, but because his spirit is believed to find no rest after death until the injury has been avenged.[33] The disembodied soul carries into its new existence an eager longing for revenge, and, till the crime has been duly expiated, hovers about the earth, molesting the manslayer or trying to compel its own relatives to take vengeance on him.
[33] See Kohler, Shakespeare vor dem Forum der Jurisprudenz, p. 131 sq.; Steinmetz, Ethnol. Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe, i. 291 sqq.; Idem, Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 49 (Banaka and Bapuku); Nicole, ibid. p. 132 (Diakité-Sarrakolese); Lang, ibid. p. 257 (Washambala).