[10] The figures for the years 1860 to 1890 are taken from the "Report of the Committee on Canals of New York State," 1900, General Francis V. Greene, chairman; and those for 1900 and 1903 from the "Annual Report of Superintendent of Public Works, New York State," 1903.
[11] "The St Lawrence River and the Great Lakes whose waters flow through it into the Atlantic form a continuous waterway extending from the Fond du Lac, at the head of Lake Superior, to the Straits of Belle Isle, a distance of 2,384 miles.... Emptying into the St Lawrence ... are the Ottawa and Richlieu Rivers, the former bringing it into communication with the immense timber forests of Ontario, and the latter connecting it with Lake Champion in the United States. These rivers were the thoroughfares in peace and the base lines in war for the Indian tribes long before the white man appeared in the Western Hemisphere.... The early colonists found them the convenient and almost the only channels of intercourse among themselves and with the home country.... The St Lawrence was navigable for sea-going vessels as far as Montreal, but between Montreal and the foot of Lake Ontario there was a succession of rapids separated by navigable reaches.... The head of navigation on the Ottawa River is the city of Ottawa.... Between this city and the mouth of the river there are several impassable rapids. The Richlieu was also so much obstructed at various points as to be unavailable for navigation.... The canal system of Canada ... has been established to overcome these obstructions by artificial channels at various points to render freely navigable the national routes of transportation."—"Highways of Commerce," issued by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, Washington.
[12] The use of a larger type of canal boat is generally regarded as an essential part of the resuscitation scheme. But of the narrow boats now in active service in the canals of the United Kingdom there are from 10,000 to 11,000. What is to be done with these? If they are scrap-heaped, and fresh boats substituted, we increase still further the sum total of the outlay the scheme will involve.
[13] At the Society of Arts' Conference on Canals, in 1888, Mr L. F. Vernon-Harcourt said:—"The statistics show that great caution must be exercised in the selection of canal routes for improvement, if they are to prove a commercial success, and that the scope for such schemes is strictly limited. Any attempt at a general revival and improvement of the canal system throughout England cannot prove financially successful, as local canals, through thinly populated agricultural districts, could not compete with railways. These routes alone should be selected for enlargement of waterway which lead direct from the sea to large and increasing towns like the proposed canal from the Bristol Channel to Birmingham, or which, like the Aire and Calder Navigation and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, are suitably set for the conveyance of coal and general bulky goods to populous districts. One or two through routes to London from manufacturing centres, or from coal-mining districts, might have a prospect of success, provided the existing canals along the route could be acquired at a small cost, and the necessary improvement works were not heavy."
[14] There are even those who argue that the resuscitated canals should be toll free.
INDEX
- Agriculture and canals, [16], [147]-[150]
- Aire and Calder Navigation, [86], [132], [135]
- Allport, Sir James, [37], [81]
- Aqueducts, [124]
- Association of Chambers of Commerce, [4], [5]
- Barnsley Canal, [26]
- Belgium, waterways in, [93]-[96], [97]
- Birmingham Canal, [26], [37], [57]-[73], [120], [125]
- Boats, size of, [32], [69], [130]
- Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal, [26]
- Brecon Canal, [45]
- Bridgewater Canal, [13]-[15], [21], [23]-[24], [124]
- Bridgewater, Duke of, [13]-[15], [23]
- Bridgwater and Taunton Canal, [45]
- Brindley, James, [14]-[15], [16], [124]
- Brunner, Sir John T., [4]
- Buckley, Mr R. B., [141]
- Caledonian Railway Company, [50]-[54]
- Canada, waterways in, [128]-[129]
- Canals, earliest, in England, [13]-[22];
- canal mania, [16];
- passenger traffic, [18]-[19];
- shares and dividends, [21], [26], [27];
- tolls and charges, [23]-[25], [27]-[30];
- handicapped, [33];
- attitude towards railways, [34]-[38];
- Kennet and Avon, [38]-[45];
- Shropshire Union, [47]-[50];
- Forth and Clyde, [50]-[54];
- "strangulation" theory, [54]-[55];
- Birmingham Canal, [57]-[73];
- coal traffic, [84]-[89];
- canals and waterways on the Continent, [93]-[103];
- in the United States, [104]-[118];
- in England, [119]-[141];
- in Canada, [128]-[129];
- conclusions and recommendations, [142]-[150]
- Capitalists, attitude of, [3]
- Carnegie, Mr, [110]
- Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, [109]
- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, [109]
- Chesterfield Canal, [46], [123]
- Child, Messrs, [15]
- Coal, [13], [21], [29]-[30], [40], [51]-[53], [81]-[89]
- Consignments, sizes of, [78]
- Continental conditions, [11], [93]-[103], [139], [140], [141]
- Cost of reconstruction, [132]-[136]
- Cotton, raw, [89]-[91]
- Coventry Canal, [26]
- Cox, M.P., Mr Harold, [140]
- Cromford Canal, [123]
- Cumming, Mr T. G., [21], [147]-[148]
- Dixon, Professor F. H., [110], [117]
- Dredging, [43]
- Electrical installations, [130]
- Ellesmere Canal, [26], [47], [124]
- Engineers and canal question, [2]
- Erie Canal, the, [105]-[111], [116]
- Fish, Mr Stuyvesant, [114]-[115]
- Forth and Clyde Navigation, [50]-[54]
- France, waterways in, [100], [102]
- Frost on canals, [24], [30], [77]
- Gentleman's Magazine, [26]
- Geographical conditions, [11], [94]-[96], [98]-[100]
- Germany, waterways in, [94], [97], [100]-[102]
- Glass, Mr John, [129]
- Government guarantee, [4]
- Grand Junction Canal, [26], [39], [120], [123]
- Grand Western Canal, [45]
- Great Northern Railway, [31], [83]
- Great Western Railway Company, [38]-[45], [67], [68], [70]
- Grinling, Mr C. H., [30]
- Hertslet, Sir E. Cecil, [94]
- Holland, waterways in, [77], [94], [96]
- Huddersfield Narrow Canal, [120], [123]
- Hudson, George, [30]
- Inglis, Mr J. C., [38]-[39], [45]
- Jackson, Mr Luis, [115]-[117]
- Jebb, Mr G. R., [71]
- Jekyll, Sir Herbert, [62]
- Kennet and Avon Canal, [26], [38]-[45], [121]
- Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, [46]
- Lancaster Canal, [26], [124]
- Languedoc Canal, [14]
- Leeds and Liverpool Canal, [120], [135]
- Leicester and Swinnington Railway, [29]
- Lift at Anderton, [122]-[123]
- Liverpool and Manchester Railway, [21], [23]-[26], [28]
- Liverpool merchants, petition from, [25]-[26]
- Local taxation, [9]-[10], [139], [145]-[146]
- Locks, [32], [33], [43], [50], [66], [120]-[121], [127]
- London and North-Western Railway Company, [37], [46], [48]-[49], [59]-[71]
- London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Company, [128]
- London County Council, [5]
- Loughborough Canal, [26], [27], [29]
- Macclesfield Canal, [46]
- Manchester and Bury Canal, [46]
- Manchester Ship Canal, [133]
- McAdam, J. L., [12]-[13]
- Mechanical haulage, [49]-[50], [121]-[122], [130]-[131]
- Meiklejohn, Professor, [97]
- Mersey and Irwell Navigation, [13], [15], [21], [24]
- Mersey Harbour Board, [5]
- Midland Railway, [30], [37], [67], [83]
- Mining operations and canals, [46], [65]-[66], [126]-[127]
- Mississippi, the, [111]-[117]
- Monmouthshire Canal, [26], [45]
- Morrison, Mr, [27]-[28]
- Manchester, Sheffield and Lincoln Railway Company (Great Central), [46]
- Municipalisation schemes, [4]-[8], [135]
- Nationalisation of canals, [4], [10], [135]
- Neath Canal, [26]
- North British Railway, [53]
- North-Eastern Railway, [149]
- Old Union Canal, [26]
- Oxford Canal, [26]
- Packhorse period, the, [12], [16], [18]
- Paddington Canal, [18]-[19]
- Physical conditions, [11], [96]-[99], [119]
- Political conditions, [100]-[102]
- Principle, questions of, [9]-[11]
- Private enterprise, [9], [106], [142]
- Profits on canals, [15], [16], [21], [26], [27]
- Public trusts, [4]-[6]
- Pumping machinery, [42]-[43], [63]
- Quarterly Review, [17]-[22], [111]
- Railways, position of companies as ratepayers, [7]-[8];
- cost of railway construction and operation, [9]-[10];
- effect on railway rates, [10];
- advent of, [17]-[22];
- Liverpool and Manchester Railway, [21], [25], [28];
- Leicester and Swinnington Railway, [29];
- Midland Railway, [30];
- Great Northern Railway, [31];
- attitude of canal companies towards, [35]-[38];
- control of canals, [38]-[56], [57]-[73];
- railways in Germany, [100]-[102];
- in France, [102];
- recommendations, [145]-[146]
- Ratepayers, liability of, [7]-[8], [137]
- Rates, regulation of, on railways and canals, [27]-[28]
- Regents Canal, [129]
- Rennie, [124]
- Road-motors, [149]
- Rochdale Canal, [26], [120], [132]
- Ross, Mr A., [45]-[47]
- Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways, [62]
- Sandars, Mr Joseph, [21], [23]-[25], [34], [75]
- Saner, Mr J. A., [38], [67], [129]
- Sankey Brook and St Helen's Canal, [46]
- Saunders, Mr H. J., [39], [44]
- Select Committee on Canals (1883), [37]
- Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation, [46]
- Shropshire Union Canal, [47]-[50], [69]-[72], [120]
- Somerset Coal Canal, [40]
- Speed, [122], [131]
- Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, [26]
- Stalbridge, Lord, [86]
- Stephenson, George, [30]
- Stephenson, Robert, [30]
- Stourbridge Extension Canal, [45]
- "Strangulation" theory, [55], [143]
- Stratford-upon-Avon Canal, [45]
- Swansea Canal, [26], [45]
- Taxpayers, how affected, [3], [5], [137]
- Telford, [124]
- Thames and Severn Canal, [123]
- Thames steamboat service, [5]
- Thomas, Mr G. C., [39]
- Thwaite, Mr, [125]
- Trade, changes in, [11], [40]-[42], [52]-[54], [61], [74]-[92], [133]-[134]
- Traders, advice to, [146]-[147]
- Trent and Mersey Navigation, [16], [26], [27], [49], [69], [72], [122], [123]
- Troops, transport of, by canal, [18]-[19]
- Tunnels, canal, [123]
- Ulrich, Herr Franz, [97]
- United States, waterways in, [104]-[118]
- Vernon-Harcourt, Mr L. F., [135]
- Walker, Colonel, F. N. T., [5]
- Water-supply for canals, [24], [32], [33], [42]-[43], [62]-[64], [66], [77], [99], [127]-[130]
- Wheeler, Mr W. H., [99]
- Widenings, [66], [70], [71]
- Wilts and Berks Canal, [40]
- Worcester and Birmingham Canal, [26], [120], [123], [132]