A supplementary report on the results of a special inquiry into the practice of interment in towns.

by Edwin Chadwick

The instances have been adduced to exemplify the suggestions of amendment in the mode of measuring the amount and influence of mortality, and more especially to show the importance of giving the average age as well as the numbers of deaths and the average age of the living in each class of the community.

The subsequent district returns and the notes extracted from the reports made by the local registrars to the Registrar-General, in corroboration of the General Sanitary Report, will show the immense importance to the community of the facts that require investigation. It cannot be too urgently repeated that it is only by examinations, case by case, and on the spot, that the facts from which sound principles may be correctly distinguished. They can only be well classed for general conclusions and public use by persons who have large numbers brought before their actual view and consideration, and who have thus brought before them impressively the common circumstances for discrimination, which no hearsay, no ordinary written information will present to their attention. The attainment of this immensely important public service might properly have been submitted as a principal instead of a collateral object, to the improvement of the practice of interment, for the appointment of such a small well qualified agency as that proposed, § 225, of some five or six trustworthy officers of public health for each million of a town population with the requisite powers and responsibilities for ascertaining the actual amount of the preventible causes of death, and informing the local officers and the public of what is to be done for their removal.

The districts are placed in the order of the average age of death of the whole population during the year 1839, commencing with the highest average.

District.	Class.	Number of Deaths of each Class.			Deaths from Epidemic.	Average Age at Death of all who die above 21.	Average Age at Death, including Children.	Years’ Average premature loss of Life by		Proportionate Number of Deaths to Population.	Excess in Number of Deaths above a Healthy standard.
		Adults.	Children under 10.	Total.				Deaths above Age of 21.	Deaths of all Classes.
		No.	No.	No.	No.	Years.	Years.	Years.	Years.	No.	No.
Greenwich. Population 80,811.	Gentry	62	18	80	9	62	48		}
	Tradesmen	150	97	247	42	54	31	8	8 }
	Artisans, &c.	947	414	1,361	227	56	36	6	3 }	1 in 39	159
	Undescribed	141	110	251	35	58	30	4	9 }
	Paupers	109	21	130	17	62	52		}
	Totals and	1,409	660	2,069	330
	Averages.					57	36	5	3
		No. of Births		1,780	Age of Living		28	Births		1 in 45
Camberwell. Population, 39,867.	Gentry	58	23	81	11	58	38	4	1 }
	Tradesmen	111	86	197	35	54	28	8	11 }
	Artisans, &c.	137	134	271	54	51	26	11	13 }	1 in 51	100
	Undescribed	98	37	135	13	61	42	1	}
	Paupers	92	6	98	7	62	56		}
	Totals and	496	286	782	117
	Averages.					57	34	5	5
		No. of Births		709	Age of Living		27·5	Births		1 in 44
Hackney. Population 42,274.	Gentry	50	11	61	6	61	47	1	}
	Tradesmen	134	94	228	21	52	29	10	10 }
	Artisans, &c.	117	120	237	35	55	27	7	12 }	1 in 56	155[[47]]
	Undescribed	80	102	182	36	60	25	2	14 }
	Paupers	46	4	50	1	67	61		}
	Totals and	427	331	758	99
	Averages.					57	31	5	8
		No. of Births		995	Age of Living		26·10	Births		1 in 42
St. George. Hanover Square. Population 66,433.	Gentry	110	28	138	12	59	45	2	}
	Tradesmen	112	79	191	23	50	29	12	10 }
	Artisans, &c.	528	344	872	130	47	27	15	12 }	1 in 501	272[[48]]
	Undescribed	18	17	35	3	61	32	1	7 }
	Paupers	77	12	89	8	59	51	3	}
	Totals and	845	480	1,325	176
	Averages.					50	31	12	8
		No. of Births		1,260	Age of Living		28·3	Births		1 in 53
Rotherhithe. Population 13,916.	Gentry	6		6	1	57	49	5	}
	Tradesmen	12	2	14	2	50	40	12	}
	Artisans, &c.	70	14	84	2	51	40	11	}	1 in 41	79[[49]]
	Undescribed	78	121	199	50	52	19	10	20 }
	Paupers	33	5	38	3	68	56		}
	Totals and	199	142	341	58
	Averages					54	30	8	9
		No. of Births		385	Age of Living		26·7	Births		1 in 36
St. Olave. Population 18,427.	Gentry	4		4		64			}
	Tradesmen	55	46	101	24	48	25	14	14 }
	Artisans, &c.	603	215	818	107	43	30	19	9 }	1 in 19	229[[50]]
	Undescribed	5	14	19	7	50	16	12	23 }
	Paupers	47	4	51	8	59	54	3	}
	Totals and	714	279	993	146
	Averages					45	30	17	9
		No. of Births		519	Age of Living		27·0	Births		1 in 36
Kensington, (including Chelsea). Population 114,952.	Gentry	193	50	243	17	60	45	2	}
	Tradesmen	204	120	324	33	50	30	12	9 }
	Artisans, &c.	559	619	1,178	223	53	24	9	15 }	1 in 51	582[[51]]
	Undescribed	202	181	383	47	58	30	4	9 }
	Paupers	106	36	142	24	61	44	1	}
	Totals and	1,264	1,006	2,270	344
	Averages					55	29	7	10
		No. of Births		2,782	Age of Living		27·5	Births		1 in 41
Islington. Population 55,720.	Gentry	83	35	118	11	61	42	1	}
	Tradesmen	151	121	272	43	50	26	12	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	177	260	437	108	47	19	15	20 }	1 in 55	261
	Undescribed	106	27	133	9	61	46	1	}
	Paupers	49	10	59	3	60	49	2	}
	Totals and	566	453	1,019	174
	Averages					54	29	8	10
		No. of Births		1,177	Age of Living		26·11	Births 1 in 47
St. Martin in the Fields. Population 25,195.	Gentry	23	4	27	2	57	46	3	}
	Tradesmen	60	47	107	22	45	24	17	15 }
	Artisans, &c.	165	137	302	82	48	26	14	13 }	1 in 36	200
	Undescribed	89	112	201	42	51	21	11	18 }
	Paupers	68	4	72	4	65	60		}
	Totals and	405	304	709	152
	Averages					52	28	10	11
		No. of Births		601	Age of Living		28·4	Births		1 in 4
Poplar. Population 31,091.	Gentry	16	7	23	2	61	43	1	}
	Tradesmen	44	40	84	18	51	26	11	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	235	240	475	80	53	25	9	14 }	1 in 47	186
	Undescribed	19	10	29	2	63	36		3 }
	Paupers	45	3	48	2	64	53		}
	Totals and	359	300	659	104
	Averages					55	28	7	11
		No. of Births		1,106	Age of Living		25·10	Births		1 in 28
Marylebone. Population 137,955.	Gentry	156	40	196	20	59	46	3	}
	Tradesmen	198	172	370	57	51	27	11	12 }
	Artisans, &c.	682	759	1,441	251	48	23	14	16 }	1 in 45	857[[52]]
	Undescribed	347	324	671	104	54	27	8	12 }
	Paupers	288	73	361	61	54	42	8	}
	Totals and	1,671	668	3,039	493
	Averages					52	28	10	11
		No. of Births		3,511	Age of Living		27·9	Births		1 in 39
Stepney. Population 90,657.	Gentry	64	9	73	3	65	56		}
	Tradesmen	169	104	273	47	53	31	9	8 }
	Artisans, &c.	568	591	1,159	247	48	23	14	16 }	1 in 41	620[[53]]
	Undescribed	203	274	477	101	56	22	6	17 }
	Paupers	189	28	217	28	63	54		}
	Totals and	1,193	1,006	2,199	426
	Averages					53	28	9	11
		No. of Births		2,502	Age of Living		26·6	Births		1 in 36
St. Mary, Newington. Population 54,607.	Gentry	79	13	92	6	62	50		}
	Tradesmen	75	64	139	23	50	26	12	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	325	420	745	162	52	22	10	17 }	1 in 46	338
	Undescribed	75	76	151	31	59	30	3	9 }
	Paupers	64	6	70	1	60	55	2	}
	Totals and	618	579	1,197	223
	Averages					55	28	7	11
		No. of Births		1,620	Age of Living		26·8	Births		1 in 34
St. Pancras. Population 129,711.	Gentry	151	49	200	15	61	45	1	}
	Tradesmen	349	286	635	108	50	27	12	12 }
	Artisans, &c.	622	674	1,296	287	47	22	15	17 }	1 in 43	934[[54]]
	Undescribed	269	354	623	199	55	23	7	16 }
	Paupers	232	49	281	47	61	50	1	}
	Totals and	1,623	1,412	3,035	656
	Averages					53	27	9	12
		No. of Births		3,264	Age of Living		26·10	Births		1 in 46
West London. Population 33,629.	Gentry	12	4	16	2	58	38	4	1 }
	Tradesmen	83	103	186	41	49	22	13	17 }
	Artisans, &c.	393	381	774	186	46	22	16	17 }	1 in 27	337[[55]]
	Undescribed	149	17	166	23	47	38	15	1 }
	Paupers	99	16	115	26	64	55		}
	Totals and	736	521	1,257	278
	Averages					49	27	13	12
		No. of Births		698	Age of Living		27·7	Births		1 in 48
Whitechapel. Population 71,758.	Gentry	17	4	21	58	47	4		}
	Tradesmen	142	130	272	42	50	26	12	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	741	637	1,378	261	48	25	14	14 }	1 in 31	768[[56]]
	Undescribed	116	313	429	107	58	16	4	23 }
	Paupers	166	37	203	38	63	51		}
	Totals and	1,182	1,121	2,303	448
	Averages					51	26	11	13
		No. of Births		2,103	Age of Living		26·2	Births		1 in 34
St. James Westminster. Population 37,407.	Gentry	27	9	36	1	57	42	5	}
	Tradesmen	68	66	134	23	51	26	11	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	161	190	351	59	46	21	16	18 }	1 in 50	251
	Undescribed	52	83	135	28	52	20	10	19 }
	Paupers	81	15	96	7	58	49	4	}
	Totals and	389	363	752	118
	Averages					51	26	11	13
		No. of Births		844	Age of Living		28·2	Births		1 in 44
East London. Population 39,655.	Gentry	14	3	17		63	50		}
	Tradesmen	134	164	298	76	53	23	9	16 }
	Artisans, &c.	265	391	656	145	51	21	11	18 }	1 in 36	372
	Undescribed	36	10	46	1	50	38	12	1 }
	Paupers	87	11	98	18	65	57		}
	Totals and	536	579	1,115	240
	Averages					54	26	8	13
		No. of Births		1,235	Age of Living		27·0	Births		1 in 32
Holborn. Population 39,720.	Gentry	36	9	45	3	58	47	4	}
	Tradesmen	144	164	308	75	52	24	10	15 }
	Artisans, &c.	231	353	584	149	50	19	12	20 }	1 in 36	367
	Undescribed	21	6	27	2	54	41	8	}
	Paupers	105	32	137	35	60	46	2	}
	Totals and	537	564	1,101	254
	Averages					53	26	9	13
		No. of Births		969	Age of Living		27·2	Births		1 in 41
Shoreditch. Population 83,552.	Gentry	63	23	86	14	65	47		}
	Tradesmen	153	150	303	63	47	23	15	16 }
	Artisans, &c.	498	802	1,300	271	51	19	11	20 }	1 in 38	732[[57]]
	Undescribed	150	75	225	34	57	37	5	2 }
	Paupers	234	49	283	56	57	46	5	}
	Totals and	1,098	1,099	2,197	438
	Averages					54	26	8	13
		No. of Births		3,058	Age of Living		26	Births		1 in 27
City London. Population 55,967.	Gentry	32	12	44	3	63	43		}
	Tradesmen	247	244	491	84	48	23	14	16 }
	Artisans, &c.	213	270	483	94	50	22	12	17 }	1 in 50	403
	Undescribed	77	29	106	15	58	39	4	}
	Paupers								}
	Totals and	569	555	1,124	196
	Averages					51	25	11	14
		No. of Births		1,210	Age of Living		27·7	Births		1 in 46
St. John & St. Margaret, Westminster. Population 56,718.	Gentry	37	14	51	9	55	42	7	}
	Tradesmen	82	102	184	47	46	20	16	19 }
	Artisans, &c.	458	581	1039	264	48	21	14	18 }	1 in 39	521[[58]]
	Undescribed	38	24	62	9	56	49	6	}
	Paupers	97	19	116	17	57	46	5	}
	Totals and	712	740	1,452	346
	Averages					50	25	12	14
		No. of Births		1,730	Age of Living		26·11	Births		1 in 33
St. James, Clerkenwell. Population 56,709.	Gentry	52	15	67	8	60	46	2	}
	Tradesmen	99	109	208	50	49	23	13	16 }
	Artisans, &c.	324	533	857	183	50	19	12	20 }	1 in 43	474
	Undescribed	82	17	99	6	59	44	3	}
	Paupers	76	14	90	2	60	50	2	}
	Totals and	633	688	1,321	249
	Averages					53	25	9	14
		No. of Births		1,771	Age of Living		25·11	Births		1 in 32
St. George in the East. Population 41,351.	Gentry	18	3	21		63	54		}
	Tradesmen	66	72	138	29	49	23	13	16 }
	Artisans, &c.	313	481	794	158	46	18	16	12 }	1 in 36	408[[59]]
	Undescribed	62	14	76	3	60	46	2	}
	Paupers	93	14	107	14	61	52	1	}
	Totals and	552	584	1,136	204
	Averages					51	25	11	14
		No. of Births		1,404	Age of Living		26·6	Births		1 in 29
St. Giles and St. George. Population 54,250.	Gentry	66	32	98	15	60	40	2	}
	Tradesmen	119	114	233	44	52	26	10	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	280	584	864	221	51	17	11	22 }	1 in 36	528[[60]]
	Undescribed	42	20	62	9	53	35	9	4 }
	Paupers	208	34	242	53	54	46	8	}
	Totals and	715	784	1,499	342
	Averages					53	25	9	14
		No. of Births		1,622	Age of Living		27·9	Births		1 in 33
Strand. Population 43,894.	Gentry	47	21	68	8	59	40	3	}
	Tradesmen	129	132	261	58	51	25	11	14 }
	Artisans, &c.	299	382	681	178	48	21	14	18 }	1 in 41	413[[61]]
	Undescribed	26	19	45	4	55	28	7	11 }
	Paupers	15	5	20		65	49
	Totals and	516	559	1075	248
	Averages					51	24	11	15
		No. of Births		957	Age of Living		27·3	Births		1 in 46
Lambeth. Population 115,883.	Gentry	141	64	205	19	58	37	4	2 }
	Tradesmen	340	452	792	174	50	21	12	18 }
	Artisans, &c.	452	704	1,156	245	49	19	13	20 }	1 in 46	979[[62]]
	Undescribed	113	68	181	27	59	35	3	4 }
	Paupers	173	38	211	37	56	44	6	}
	Totals and	1,219	1,326	2,545	502
	Averages					52	24	10	15
		No. of Births		3,782	Age of Living		26.2	Births		1 in 31
St. George, Southwark. Population 46,622.	Gentry	32	9	41	5	61	45	1	}
	Tradesmen	66	53	119	18	54	30	8	9 }
	Artisans, &c.	371	591	962	248	53	20	9	19 }	1 in 39	492[[63]]
	Undescribed	35	15	50	10	50	30	12	9 }
	Paupers	22	6	28	2	58	45	4	}
	Totals and	526	674	1,200	283
	Averages					53	23	9	16
		No. of Births		1,574	Age of Living		26·5	Births		1 in 30
St. Luke. Population 49,982.	Gentry	21	6	27	3	56	38	6	1 }
	Tradesmen	62	52	114	17	49	25	13	14 }	1 in 40	538
	Artisans, &c.	391	569	960	306	49	20	13	19 }
	Undescribed	85	49	134	17	58	35	4	4 }
	Paupers								}
	Totals and	559	676	1,235	343
	Averages					50	22	12	17
		No. of Births		2,271	Age of Living		25·11	Births		1 in 22
Bermondsey. Population 34,847.	Gentry	3	5	8		51	20	11	19 }
	Tradesmen	66	59	125	16	48	25	14	14 }
	Artisans, &c.	202	373	575	144	51	18	11	21 }	1 in 42	364[[64]]
	Undescribed	24	26	50	6	45	21	17	18 }
	Paupers	62	14	76	15	57	47	5	}
	Totals and	357	477	834	181
	Averages					51	22	11	17
		No. of Births		1,151	Age of Living		24·7	Births		1 in 30
Bethnal Green. Population 74,087.	Gentry	39	11	50	4	61	46		1 }
	Tradesmen	110	136	246	56	53	24	9	15 }
	Artisans, &c.	468	874	1,342	369	51	18	11	21 }	1 in 41	791[[65]]
	Undescribed	69	19	88	6	57	44	5	}
	Paupers	76	19	93	19	65	49		}
	Totals and	762	1,059	1,821	454
	Averages					54	22	8	17
		No. of Births		2,674	Age of Living		25·2	Births		1 in 28
St. Savior´s. Population 32,980	Gentry	9	1	10	1	52	47	10	}
	Tradesmen	45	43	88	17	52	26	10	13 }
	Artisans, &c.	250	248	498	93	45	22	17	17 }	1 in 36	422
	Undescribed	89	198	287	65	51	15	11	24 }
	Paupers	23	9	32	4	59	40	3	}
	Totals and	416	499	915	180
	Averages					48	21	14	18
		No. of Births		1,143	Age of Living		27·3	Births		1 in 29

No. 12.
EXAMPLES OF ORDINARY UNDERTAKERS’ BILLS IN THE METROPOLIS.

No. 1.	£.	s.	d.
Elm coffin, lined, ruffled, mattrass, sheet, and pillow	3	11	0
Leaden coffin, plate of inscription, 5 men with ditto	6	15	0
Outside case, brass engraved plate, 5 men with ditto, & making-up	9	9	6
Pall 7s. 6d., 2 porters, scarfs, staves, covers, bands, & gloves, 38s.	2	5	6
Four gentlemen’s crape scarfs, bands, and gloves	6	12	0
Seventeen silk ditto ditto	41	5	0
Hearse, 4 horses, feathers and velvets for ditto	5	16	0
Five coaches, pairs, ditto for ditto	9	15	0
Six coach cloaks, bands, and gloves, 60s., truncheons & wands 6s.	3	6	0
Eighteen pages and bearers, silk bands, and gloves	11	14	0
Attending and assistance, 63s.; scarf, band, and gloves for minister, 5s.	5	18	0
Hatband and gloves for clerk and sexton, 30s.; grave-digger, &c. 3s. 6d.	1	13	6
Paid vault dues 4l. 12s. 6d.; letters 20s.; fetching company 4s. 6d.	5	17	0
Two crape bands and gloves for servants 20s.; 8 silk do. do. 5s.	6	0	0
Thirty-four men’s allowance 28s.	1	8	0
	£ 121	5	0
No. 2.
Elm shell, lined, ruffled, mattrass, sheet, and pillow	3	8	0
Leaden coffin, plate of inscription, and 5 men with do., & making up	6	3	0
Outside case, engraved plate, 5 men with ditto	8	13	0
Pall 7s.; 2 porters’ scarfs, staves, bands, and gloves	2	7	0
Lid of feathers 21s.; 3 men with do., and bands and gloves 45s.	3	6	0
Hearse, 4 horses 2l. 14s.; feathers and velvets for ditto, 2l. 6s.	5	0	0
Two coaches, pairs 2l. 14s.; ditto ditto 1l. 2s.	3	16	0
Three coachmen’s cloaks, bands, and gloves	1	11	6
Ten pages and bearers 40s.; bands and gloves for ditto. 5l.; truncheons and wands 4s.	7	4	0
Eight gentlemen’s cloaks 8s.; 4 crape bands, &c., 40s.; 6 silk ditto 6l. 6s.	8	14	0
Two bands and gloves for clerk and sexton 30s.; 2 ditto for private servants 17s.	2	7	0
Attending 21s.; 18 men’s allowances 18s.; letters of invitation 4s.	2	4	0
Paid dues 7l. 14s. 6d.; pew-opener, &c. 2s.; fetching company 2s.	7	18	6
	£ 62	11	0
No. 3.
Covered coffin, lined, ruffled, plate of inscription, mattrass, sheet and pillow	4	19	0
Pall 7s. 6d.; 2 porters, gowns, staves, and for bands & gloves 30s.	1	19	6
Four gentlemen’s cloaks, crape bands and gloves 1l. 18s.; attending ceremony 20s.	2	18	0
Hearse and coach, pairs 3l. 12s.; velvets for ditto 21s.; 2 cloaks and bands 11s.	5	4	0
Six pages, bands, gloves, truncheons, wands, 62s.; fetching company 9s.	3	11	0
Paid 10 men’s allowance 25s.; stone 10s.; turnpike, gravedigger 4s.	1	19	0
	£ 20	10	6
No. 4.
Smooth elm, polished nails, inscription, lined, mattrass, sheet, and pillow	4	10	0
Pall 7s.; 4 crape bands; 6 ladies’ hoods and gloves	2	17	0
Attending 5s.; dues at church 18s.; 5 men’s allowance 6s. 6d.	1	9	6
	£ 8	16	6
To the Executor of —— ——, Esq.
Dr to —— ——.
For the Funeral of —— ——, Esq., died 19th February, aged 80, N. 5 and 84 B., Cemetery, All Souls.
To a 6 ft. × 22 elm coffin, lined and ruffed with fine cotton	2	10	0
Wool bed	0	10	6
Fine sheet and pillow	0	18	0
Lead coffin, solder, and workmanship	6	18	0
Lead plate of inscription	0	5	0
Inch and a half oak coffin, made to receive the above, covered with fine black cloth, 3 rows of brass nails, 4 pair of large handles, star and serpent, and finished with rays	15	15	0
Brass plate of inscription	2	8	0
To the use of the best velvet pall	0	10	6
Three crape hatbands	0	12	0
Three crape scarfs	3	0	0
Silk scarf, hatbands, and gloves, the Rev. Mr. Lynarn	2	6	0
Seven silk scarfs	10	10	O
Seven silk hatbands	4	7	6
Five silk scarfs, hatbands, and gloves, Rev. Mr. Rue, Mr. Hawes Smith, Rule Field	11	10	O
Eleven pair of kid gloves	1	18	6
Two porters, with silk dressings	0	16	0
Two hatbands and gloves for ditto	0	15	0
The plume of ostrich feathers	1	1	0
Man carrying ditto	0	6	6
Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto	0	7	6
Hearse and four	3	10	0
Feathers and velvets for ditto	2	18	0
Three mourning coaches and four	10	10	0
Feathers and velvets for ditto	2	14	0
Four coachman’s cloaks	0	4	0
Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto	1	10	0
Eight hearse pages, with truncheons	1	16	0
Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto	3	0	0
Six coach pages, with wands	1	7	0
Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto	2	5	0
Silk hatband and gloves for clerk at the ground	0	12	6
Four hatbands and gloves for servants of the two carriages	2	10	0
One hatband and gloves for terrace beadle	0	10	6
One hatband and gloves for man servant	0	7	6
Four pair of habit gloves	0	12	0
Attending the funeral	1	1	0
Silk hatband and gloves	0	16	0
Twenty-six men’s expenses as customary	1	19	0
Turnpikes	0	6	6
Paid dues at the cemetery	22	7	6
Silk scarf, hatband, and gloves (Mr. Owen)	2	6	0
Paid for the bell	0	6	6
	£ 130	16	0

The Funeral Expenses of Mary Maria ——,
Performed by ——, ——.
Nov. 15, 1834.				£.	s.	d.
5 ft. 9 inch. 17 elm, lined, ruffed super linen				2	5	0
Tufted mattrass				0	14	0
No. 10 shroud, sheet, cap, and pillow				2	5	0
Stout lead coffin, soldering up				7	7	0
Lead plate ditto				0	5	0
Six men with lead coffin				0	18	0
Two men attending on the surgeons				0	6	0
Making up—plumbers				0	5	0
Elm case, covered with fine black cloth, set 2 rows all round, No. 1 nails; 4 pair cherub tin handles, gripes and drops; 8 screws, black				7	7	0
Brass engraved plate, fine lacquered				2	12	6
Six men in with case moving down stairs				0	18	0
Nov. 21:—
Best pall, lid of feathers				1	8	0
Four fine cloaks				0	6	0
Nine rich silk bands for gentlemen				6	6	0
Nine pair gentlemen’s best kid gloves				1	16	0
Two porters and furniture 16s.				0	18	0
Featherman, 2 pages and wands				0	12	6
Hearse and 4 horses				2	12	0
Feathers and velvets for ditto				3	3	0
Six hearse pages and truncheons				1	5	0
Mourning coach and four horses				2	12	0
Feathers and velvets for ditto				1	1	0
Two coach pages and wands				0	8	6
Two coachmen’s cloaks				0	2	0
Two velvet hammercloths				0	6	0
Attending funeral				0	7	6
Fifteen silk bands for 2 porters, 8 pages, 3 feathermen, and 2 coachmen				6	0	0
Fifteen pair gloves for ditto				1	2	6
Paid dues at St. Margaret’s	2	9	6
Lead fees ditto	0	16	7
Bell and searchers	0	8	0
Bearers	0	3	0
Sexton	0	3	0
Extra digging	0	15	0
Grave-maker	0	3	0
Men’s allowance, coffin case and funeral	0	12	6
				5	10	7
				£ 60	19	1

Exposition of the English Law in respect to Perpetuities in Public Burial Grounds.

[From the decision in the case of Gilbert v. Buzzard and Boyer, 2nd Haggard’s Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Consistory Court of London, containing the Judgments of the Right Hon. Lord Stowell.]

In what way the mortal remains are to be conveyed to the grave, and there deposited, I do not find any positive rule of law, or of religion, that prescribes. The authority under which the received practices exist, is to be found in our manners, rather than in our laws: they have their origin in natural sentiments of public decency and private affection; they are ratified by common usage and consent; and being attached to a subject of the gravest and most impressive nature, remain unaltered by private caprice and fancy, amidst all the giddy revolutions that are perpetually varying the modes and fashions that belong to the lighter circumstances of human life. That bodies should be carried in a state of naked exposure to the grave, would be a real offence to the living, as well as an apparent indignity to the dead. Some involucra, or coverings, have been deemed necessary in all civilized and Christian countries; but chests or trunks containing the bodies, descending along with them into the grave, and remaining there till their own decay, cannot plead either the same necessity, or the same general use.