Two distinct cultures are represented in the people who have inhabited the Grand Canyon region for the past 1,600 years. The earlier and more primitive was that of a long-headed type of man known as the Basketmaker. This culture was replaced at about 700 A. D. by another, probably the result of new people entering the area, mixing with the older inhabitants and introducing new ideas. A broad-headed type of man who lived in pueblos and made pottery was the result. In the earliest stages he built only small one-roomed houses and made relatively crude pottery, but by 1,200 A. D. his architecture and crafts had developed to a very high stage as witnessed in the largest cliff-dwellings and pueblos of the region. Since then the culture has declined. The Hopi Indians of today who live near the Painted Desert Country to the east of Grand Canyon are considered to be modern representatives of this group.

In numerous localities throughout southern Utah burials of the early Farmer Basketmaker period and also pithouses of the later Potter Basketmaker period have been found. One of the latter has also been discovered near Clear Creek in Grand Canyon. The remains of cliff-dwellings and surface houses built by the later Pueblo Indians are common everywhere throughout the region and show all stages of development. Those at and in the Grand Canyon are typical of the intermediate periods and, judging from pottery fragments in them, were made by the ancestors of the modern Hopi.

GEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GRAND CANYON REGION
Including Zion, Bryce, Painted Desert, and Petrified Forest

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Baker, A. A. and others, Notes on the Stratigraphy of the Moab Region, Utah; Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 11, 1927.

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——, Dane, C. H., and Reeside, J. B. Jr., Correlation of the Jurassic Formations of Parts of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 183, 1936.

——, Geology of the Monument Valley—Navajo Mountain Region, San Juan County, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 865, 1936.

Brady, L. F., Preliminary Note on the Occurrence of a Primitive Theropod in the Navajo: Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 30, 1935.

Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G., Triassic Amphibians from the Rocky Mountain Region: Univ. Mo. Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 1929.

Butler, B. S., The Ore Deposits of Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 111, pp. 619-620, 1920.

Bryan, Kirk, Discussion of rock-fill dam, Lees Ferry, Arizona: Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Proc., vol. 48, pp. 1615-1627.

——, Wind Erosion near Lees Ferry, Arizona: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 6, p. 291, 1923.

Camp, Charles L., A Study of the Phytosaurs: Memoirs, Univ. Calif., vol. 10, Univ. Calif. Press, 1930.

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Campbell, Ian, and Maxson, J. H., Some Observations on the Archean Metamorphics of the Grand Canyon: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 806-809, 1933.

Campbell, M. R., and Gregory, H. E., The Black Mesa coal field, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 431, pt. 2, 1909.

Carpenter, Frank M., A Fossil Insect from the Lower Permian of the Grand Canyon: U. S. National Museum Proc. No. 2695, 1927.

Colton, Harold S., Sunset Crater—The Effect of a Volcanic Eruption on an Ancient Pueblo People: Geogr. Review, vol. 22, no. 4, 1932.

—— Basaltic Cinder Cones and Lava Flows of the San Francisco Mountain Volcanic Field: Mus. Northern Arizona, Bull. 10, 1937.

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—— Guidebook of the western United States: Part C, the Santa Fe Route with a side trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 615, pp. 123-131, 1915.

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Daugherty, Lyman H., New Fossil Plants from the Petrified Forest: Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer., abstract, p. 389, 1934.

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Frech, F., Section in Congress Canyon opposite Point Sublime: Compt. rend. 5th Sess. Cong. geol. internat., pp. 476-81, 1893.

Gilbert, G. K., Report on the geology of portions of Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona, examined in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873, Report U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. vol. 3, pp. 17-187, 503-567, 1875.

Gilmore, Charles W., Fossil Footprints from the Grand Canyon: Smithsonian Misc. Collections 77 No. 9, 80 No. 3, 80 No. 8, 1926-7-8.

Gregory, H. E., Geology of the Navajo Country: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 93, 161 pp., map, 1917.

—— The Shinarump conglomerate: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 35, pp. 424-438, 1913.

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Hinds, Norman E. A., Ep-Archean and Ep-Algonkian Intervals in Western North America: Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 463, pp. 1-52, 1935.

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Johnson, D. W., A geological excursion in the Grand Canyon district: Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, pp. 135-161, pls. 17-22, 1909.

Knowlton, F. H., The Fossil Forests of Arizona: Amer. For., vol. 9, 1913.

—— A Catalogue of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 696, 1919.

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Marcou, Jules, Resume and field notes: U. S. Pacific Railroad Expl. vol. 3, pt. 4. Geological Report, 1856.

Matthes, F. E., Bright Angel Quadrangle. U. S. Geol. Survey topo. map text.

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Maxson, J. H., and Campbell, Ian, Archean Ripple Mark in the Grand Canyon: Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 28, 1934.

McKee, Edwin D., Climates of the Age of Mammals in the Grand Canyon Region: Museum Notes, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, 1932.

——, Arizona Through the Ages: Scientific Monthly, 1932.

—— The Coconino Sandstone—Its History and Origin: Carnegie Institution Publ. 440, vii, 1934.

—— A Study of the Light-colored, Cross-bedded Sandstones of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona: Am. Jour. Sci., 5th Ser., vol. 28, pp. 219-233, 1934.

——, Occurrence of Triassic Sediments on the Rim of Grand Canyon: Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 25, no. 4, 1935.

——, A Conularia from the Permian of Arizona: Jour. Paleontology, vol. 9, no. 5, 1935.

——, Triassic Pebbles in Northern Arizona Containing Invertebrate Fossils: Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 33, 1937.

——, The Environment and History of the Toroweap and Kaibab formations of Northern Arizona and Southern Utah: Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 492, 1938.

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Moore, R. C., On the Stratigraphy of Northeastern Arizona: Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47-49, 1922.

Newberry, J. S., Report upon the Colorado River of the West, explored in 1857-58 by Lieut. J. C. Ives: Govt. Printing Office, pt. 3, Geological Report, 1861.

Noble, L. F., The geology of the Shinumo area: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 29, pp. 369-386, 497-528, 1910.

——, The Shinumo Quadrangle, Grand Canyon district, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 549, 100 pp., 18 pls., 1914.

—— A Section of the Paleozoic formations of the Grand Canyon on the Bass Trail: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131, pp. 23-73, 1922.

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—— A Section of Kaibab Limestone in Kaibab Gulch, Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 150, 1928.

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Ransome, F. L., Pre-Cambrian in Grand Canyon: Science, vol. 27, pp. 667-668, 1908.

—— Some Paleozoic sections in Arizona and their correlations: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 133-166, 1916.

Reagan, Albert B., Some Geological Notes on the Upper Cretaceous of Black Mesa, Arizona, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, vol. 35, pp. 232-252, 1932.

—— The Tertiary—Pleistocene of the Navajo Country in Arizona, with a description of some of its included fossils: Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, vol. 35, pp. 253-259, 1932.

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Robinson, H. H., The San Franciscan volcanic field, Arizona: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 76, 213 pp., 14 pls., 1913.

Schuchert, Charles, On the Carboniferous of the Grand Canyon—The Cambrian of the Grand Canyon: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 45, pp. 347-369, 1918.

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——, Correlation of Arizona Paleozoic Formations: Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 47, pp. 459-540, 1936.

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—— Study of a line of displacement in the Grand Canyon in northeast Arizona: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 1, pp. 49-64, 1890.

—— Pre-Cambrian igneous rocks of the Unkar terrane, Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Ariz., with notes on the petrographic character of the Lavas, by J. P. Iddings: U. S. Geol. Survey Fourteenth Ann. Rept. Pt. 2, pp. 497-524, 1894.

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——, Geology of the Little Colorado Valley: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 12, pp. 401-413, 1901.

Ward, L. F., Report on the Petrified Forest of Arizona: Twentieth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Survey, Pt. II, pp. 324-332, 1900.

—— The Petrified Forest of Arizona: Smith Rept. for 1899, Wash., pp. 289-307, 1901.

White, David, Study of the fossil floras in the Grand Canyon: Carnegie Inst. Year-Book 26, pp. 366-369, 1927.

—— Flora of the Hermit Shale, Grand Canyon, Ariz., Publication No. 405 Carnegie Institution, 1929.

Williams, Howell, Pliocene Volcanoes of the Navajo-Hopi Country: Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 47, pp. 111-172, 1936.

Transcriber’s Note