The conspicuous frequency with which the consumption of raw meat provokes food poisoning has already been set forth and in large part explained by the occasional derivation of meat from animals infected with parasites harmful to man. The even greater culpability of raw milk is due to the fact that milk is not only, like meat, sometimes obtained from an infected animal, but that it is a particularly good culture medium for bacteria, and in the process of collection or distribution may become infected through the agency of a human carrier. Foods such as ice-cream that are prepared with milk are also often connected with food poisoning. It seems probable that illness caused by ice-cream is much more commonly due to bacterial infection than to poisoning with metals or flavoring extracts. The responsibility of these latter substances is entirely problematic.
Cases of cheese poisoning, which apparently are relatively numerous, are of quite obscure causation. Whether such poisoning is due more commonly to some original contamination of the milk, or to an invasion of the cheese by pathogenic bacteria in the course of preparation, or to the formation of toxic substances by bacteria or molds during the process of ripening which the cheese undergoes, is left uncertain in the majority of cases.
Shellfish poisoning from eating oysters, mussels, or clams is unquestionably caused in some instances by sewage contamination of the water from which the bivalves are taken, and in such cases bacilli of the typhoid or paratyphoid groups are commonly concerned. It is a disputed question whether certain recorded outbreaks of mussel poisoning have been due to bacterial infection or whether sometimes healthy or diseased mussels taken from unpolluted water contain a poisonous substance. In a similar way it is uncertain whether a certain marine snail (Murex bradatus), sometimes used for food, contains under certain conditions a substance naturally poisonous for man, or whether it is poisonous only when it is infected or when toxigenic bacteria have grown in it.
Potato poisoning has been attributed in some cases to bacterial decomposition of potatoes by proteus bacilli; in other cases, to a poisonous alkaloid, solanin, said to be present in excessive amounts in diseased and in sprouting potatoes. It is noteworthy that many instances of potato poisoning have been connected with the use of potato salad which had stood for some time after being mixed, so that the possibility of infection with the paratyphoid bacillus or other pathogenic organisms cannot be excluded. That solanin is ever really responsible for potato poisoning is considered doubtful by many investigators.
These examples are sufficient to show that in a considerable proportion of cases of alleged food poisoning there is a large measure of uncertainty about the real source of trouble. Although the trend of opinion has been in the direction of an increased recognition of the share of certain bacteria, especially those of the paratyphoid group, there is an important residue of unexplained food poisoning that needs further skilled investigation. It is one of the objects of this book to point out this need and to draw attention to the numerous problems that await settlement. The first step is the regular and thorough investigation of every food poisoning outbreak.
INDEX
- A
- Acid pickles, [33]
- Adulteration, food, [41]
- Agglutination, [60], [64], [70]
- Alkaloid, [107]
- Allergy, food, [6]
- Almonds, [11]
- Amanita:
- aurantiaca, [20];
- caesaria, [18], [20];
- muscaria, [18], [19], [20], [22];
- phalloides, [21], [22], [23];
- verna, [22]
- "Amanita toxin," [22], [24]
- Anaphylaxis, [9], [10], [11]
- Aniline dyes, [32]
- Animal parasites, [79]
- Animals, [13], [14], [24], [44], [50], [67], [68], [70], [71], [72], [78], [93], [95], [100], [106];
- emergency-slaughtered, [59], [62], [63], [65], [72]
- Ankylostomiasis, [83]
- Annatto, [32]
- "Anti-anaphylaxis," [11]
- Antimony, [27]
- Antiseptic chemicals, [33], [40]
- Antitoxin, [24];
- diphtheria, [9]
- Appendicitis, [1]
- Arsenic, [26], [101]
- Arteries, [3]
- Artichokes, [16]
- Ascaris, [84]
- Asiatic cholera, [50]
- Asparagus, [30], [31]
- Asthma, [10], [12]
- Atropin, [20]
- B
- Bacillus:
- botulinus, [92]-[96];
- coli, [56];
- Danysz, [75];
- diphtheriae, [69];
- enteritidis, [58], [59], [60], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [74];
- enteritidis-suipestifer, [70], [72];
- paratyphoid-enteritidis, [68], [69], [85];
- paratyphosus, [58], [66];
- paratyphosus B, [60], [65], [66], [73], [74];
- proteus, [55], [56], [57], [107];
- suipestifer, [65], [66], [67], [68], [71], [72], [73], [74];
- tetanus, [69];
- tubercle, [44], [51], [52], [53];
- typhoid, [44]-[47], [64], [106]
- Bacteria:
- food-borne, [44], [58];
- pathogenic, [44], [58]
- Bacterial products, [85]
- Balloon-fish, [24]
- Barbel, [25]
- Beans, [14], [31], [46], [86], [88], [95], [104]
- Beef stew, [59]
- Beer, [26], [27]
- Benzoate of soda, [34]
- Benzoic acid, [34], [35], [36]
- Beriberi, [102]
- Berries, [29], [35]
- Birds, game, [97]
- Biscuits, soda, [36]
- Blood vessels, [2], [39]
- Borax, [37]
- Boric acid, [37], [38], [40]
- Botulism, [86];
- anatomical lesions, [91];
- bacteriology, [92];
- cases, [87];
- epidemiology, [93];
- prevention and treatment, [94];
- symptoms, [88]
- Bread, [47], [48]
- Butter, [16], [32], [40], [101]
- Butyric acid, [95]
- C
- Caffeine, [36], [41]
- Cakes, [76]
- "Calf diarrhea," [72]
- Candies, [27], [28], [32], [41]
- Canned foods, [4], [5], [7], [8], [29], [30], [95]
- Canning, [33], [93]
- Cap, metallic, [28]
- Cardamom, oil of, [16]
- Carriers, [55];
- paratyphoid, [61], [62], [66], [67], [70], [73], [78];
- typhoid, [45], [48], [50], [66]
- Cases of:
- botulism, [87],
- listed by Mayer, [88],
- in U.S., [88]-[91];
- dysentery, [84];
- food sensitization, [10], [11], [12];
- milksickness, [100];
- mushroom poisoning, [20], [21], [22];
- plant poisoning, [14];
- poisoning from asparagus, [30];
- trichiniasis, [80], [81];
- tuberculosis, [53]
- Cat, [83]
- Cathartics, [96]
- Cattle, [10], [51], [53], [54], [55], [62], [63], [71], [72], [74], [82], [86], [96], [100]
- Celery, [45], [46], [47]
- Cereals, [12], [62]
- Cestode infection, [82]
- Cheese, [5], [7], [28], [97], [106]
- Chemicals, antiseptic, [33], [40]
- Chicken, [71], [88]
- Chick pea, [103]
- Chicory, [41]
- Chocolate, [28]
- Cholera microbe, [51]
- Chopped beef, [59]
- Cicuta maculata, [14], [16], [17]
- Cinnamon, [37]
- Clams, [50], [106]
- Claviceps:
- paspali, [86];
- purpurea, [85], [87]
- Codfish, [67]
- Coffee, [36], [41]
- Coffee-tree, [14]
- Coloring, artificial, [40]
- Coloring substances, [31]
- Conium maculatum, [15]
- "Contact infection," [62], [67]
- Cook, [44], [45], [50], [73], [74]
- Copper, [30], [101]
- Copper:
- acetate, [31];
- salts, [31];
- sulphate, [31], [32]
- Cranberries, [35]
- Creosote, [34]
- Cysticercus cellulosae, [82], [83]
- D
- Daffodil bulbs, [14]
- Danysz bacillus, [75]
- Death Camas, [14]
- Death-cup, [21], [23]
- Death-rates, [2], [3], [4], [39]
- Delphinium, [14]
- Diarrhea, [84]
- Diet, defective, [102], [103], [104], [105]
- Diphtheria, [54]
- Diseases:
- deficiency, [101];
- degenerative, [2];
- milk-borne, [54];
- skin, [12]
- Dog, [25], [83]
- Drying, [33], [40]
- Dyes, aniline, [32]
- Dysentery, [84]
- E
- Echinococcus, [83]
- Eczema, [10], [12]
- Eelworm, [84]
- Eggs, [6], [10], [11], [12], [97], [98]
- Egg-white, [9], [10], [11], [12]
- Epidemics. See [Outbreaks]
- Ergot, [85]
- Ergotism, [85]-[86]
- "Expectation of life," [2]
- Extracts, flavoring, [106]
- F
- Favism, [104]
- Fish, [5], [24], [25], [34], [62], [67], [71], [83]
- Flies, [47]
- Flour, [32], [43], [103]
- "Fly Amanita," [18], [19], [21]
- Fly poison, [18]
- Food:
- adulteration, [41];
- allergy, [6];
- coloration, [32];
- intoxication, [18], [57], [92];
- preservatives, [33];
- substitutes, [16], [41]
- Foods:
- canned, [4], [5], [7], [8], [29], [30], [95];
- cooked, [47], [51], [52], [53], [54], [60], [63], [69], [70], [78], [81], [94];
- decomposed, [39], [97];
- most commonly poisonous, [105];
- protein, sensitization to, [9];
- smoked, [34], [39];
- spoiled, [39], [97];
- uncooked, [7], [46], [47], [48], [55], [63], [69], [70], [79], [84], [94], [96]
- Foot-and-mouth disease, [55]
- Formaldehyde, [36], [40]
- Fowl, [5]
- Fruits, [5], [10], [29], [30], [35], [47], [50], [62], [97], [104]
- "Fruit ethers," [42]
- Fruit syrups, [42]
- Fugu, [25]
- Fungus, [85]
- G
- Gallstones, [1]
- Game birds, [97]
- Gastro-enteritis, [56], [60], [74], [96]
- Giardia (Lamblia) intestinalis, [84]
- Globe-fish, [24]
- Glucose, [27], [41]
- Goose, [71];
- liver, [78]
- Grain, [85], [104]
- Grass, wild, [86]
- Gymnocladus dioica, [14]
- H
- Hackfleisch, [59]
- Ham, [86], [92], [94], [95]
- Hamburger steak, [59], [78]
- Hay, [104]
- Hay fever, [9]
- Heart, [3], [22]
- Heating, [40]
- Hellebore, [14]
- Hemlock, [13], [15];
- poison, [16];
- water, [14], [16], [17]
- Hippuric acid, [35], [36]
- Hog cholera, [66], [71]
- Honey-locust, [14]
- Hookworm infection, [83]
- Horse, [71], [86]
- Horseradish, [16]
- Hydatid disease, [83]
- Hydrocarpus, [16]
- Hymenolepis nana, [82]
- I
- Ice, [75]
- Ice cream, [5], [7], [32], [105], [106]
- Infection:
- accidental, [72];
- Asiatic cholera, [50];
- Bacillus proteus(?), [55];
- bacterial poisons, [86], [96];
- carrier, [44], [45], [48], [50], [55], [61], [62], [66], [67], [70], [73], [78];
- cestode, [82];
- Giardia (Lamblia) intestinalis, [84];
- hookworm, [83];
- laboratory, [72];
- milk-borne, [54];
- parasitic, [79];
- paratyphoid, [58];
- scurvy, [104];
- secondary bacterial, [80];
- soil, [46];
- tapeworm, [82];
- tuberculous meat, [51];
- tuberculous milk, [53];
- typhoid food, [44]
- Intoxication, food, [18], [57], [92]
- Iron pyrites, [26]
- J
- Jams, [27]
- Japanese Fugu, [25]
- Jars, preserve, [28]
- Jelly, [32], [50]
- K
- Kalmia latifolia, [14]
- Kidneys, [2], [3], [22], [24], [39]
- Kittens, [84]
- L
- Larkspur, [14]
- Lathyrism, [103]
- Laurel, [14]
- Lead, [27]
- Lead:
- chromate, [28];
- foil, [28];
- pipes, [28];
- salts, [29]
- Legumes, [104]
- Lettuce, [45], [50]
- Liver, [22], [24];
- goose, [78]
- Loco-weed, [14]
- Lupines, [14]
- M
- Maize, [103]
- Maratti-oil, [16]
- Margarin, [16]
- Marsh-marigold, [14]
- Mary Malloy, [45]
- "Measly pork," [83]
- Meat, [5], [7], [24], [33], [37], [40], [44], [51], [52], [53], [57], [58], [59], [62], [63], [64], [65], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [83], [95], [97], [101], [106];
- jellies, [69];
- pies, [69], [73];
- puddings, [69]
- Meat inspection, [77], [81]
- Metals, [5], [106]
- Mice, [56], [74], [75], [78], [84]
- Milk, [5], [6], [7], [10], [11], [40], [48], [50], [51], [53], [54], [55], [62], [69], [70], [72], [73], [76], [77], [96], [97], [101], [104], [106]
- Milksickness, [100]-[101]
- Molasses, [30]
- Murex bradatus, [107]
- Muscarin, [22]
- Mushrooms, [5], [13], [18]-[24]
- Mussels, [50], [106]
- "Mutations," [68]
- N
- Neuritis, [26]
- "Neurotoxin," [24]
- Nipples, rubber, [27]
- Nissl granules, [91]
- Nitrogen peroxide, [32]
- O
- Oatmeal, [11]
- Oats, [104]
- Oil of cardamom, [16];
- of cloves, [37]
- Olive stones, [41]
- [Outbreaks] due to:
- beans, Darmstadt, [95],
- Stanford University, [95];
- beef, Breslau, [58];
- beef stew, Limerick, [59];
- beer, England, [26];
- bread, Elgin, [48];
- codfish, [67];
- diseased animals, [71];
- ergot, Limoges, [85];
- gastro-enteritis carrier, [74];
- group and family in U.S., [4], [5];
- ham, Ellezelles, [92];
- human contamination, [73];
- list of, by:
- Hirsch, [85],
- Hübener, [58],
- Mayer, [65],
- Savage, [58];
- margarin, Hamburg, [16];
- meat, [65], [69];
- Frankenhausen, [63],
- Ghent, [77];
- meat pies, Wareham, [73];
- milk, [96];
- Kristiania, [73],
- Newcastle, [69];
- miscellaneous contaminations, [74];
- mushrooms, New York City, [18];
- oysters, [48];
- paratyphoid carrier, [73];
- pie, Westerly, [60];
- potato salad, [65];
- public markets, South Philadelphia, [46];
- rat virus, [75];
- sausage, [65],
- Hanover, [56],
- Württemberg, [86];
- "sour grass soup," New York City, [18];
- spaghetti, Hanford, [44];
- typhoid carrier, New York City, [45];
- Vanille Pudding, [65];
- vermicelli, [67];
- watercress, Philadelphia, [46];
- water hemlock, New Jersey, [16]
- Oxalic acid, [18]
- Oxyuria, [84]
- Oysters, [5], [24], [48], [49], [50], [71], [106]
- P
- Palmolin, [16]
- Panaeolus papilionaceus, [21]
- "Paragaertner" forms, [68]
- Parasites, [79], [84]
- Paratyphoid fever, [58]-[78];
- carriers, [61], [62], [66], [67], [70], [73], [78];
- diseased animals, [67], [71];
- gastro-intestinal, [61];
- general characters of, [61];
- human contamination, [73];
- means of prevention, [77];
- miscellaneous contaminations, [74];
- sources of infection, [71];
- symptoms, [61];
- toxin production, [68];
- typhoid-like, [61];
- typical outbreaks, [58]
- Parrots, [72]
- Parsnips, [16]
- Pasteurization, [48], [54]
- Pastry, [47]
- Paté de foie gras, [78]
- Peas, [31], [43], [46]
- Pellagra, [102], [103]
- Pepper, [41]
- Pericarp of rice, [102]
- Peripheral neuritis, [26]
- Pickling, [93]
- Pidan, [98]
- Pie, [60]
- Pigs, [71]
- Pike, [25]
- Pinworm, [84]
- Plant oils, [16]
- Plants, [9], [13]-[24], [25], [101]
- Poisons:
- bacterial, [96];
- chemical, [26];
- mineral, [26];
- organic, [26];
- protoplasmic, [33]
- Poisoning by:
- aniline dyes, [32];
- animals, [24];
- antimony, [27];
- arsenic, [26];
- Asiatic cholera infection, [50];
- Bacillus proteus(?) infection, [55];
- botulism intoxication, [86];
- coloring substances, [31];
- copper, [30];
- defective diet:
- beriberi, [102],
- favism, [104],
- lathyrism, [103],
- pellagra, [103],
- rickets, [105],
- scurvy, [104];
- egg-white, [9];
- ergot, [85];
- fish, [25];
- food preservatives, [33];
- food substitutes, [41];
- lead, [27];
- milk-borne infections:
- diphtheria, [54],
- foot-and-mouth disease, [55];
- milksickness, [100];
- scarlet fever, [54],
- and septic sore throat, [55];
- mushrooms, [18];
- parasites, animal:
- teniasis, [82],
- trichiniasis, [79],
- other, [84];
- paratyphoid infection, [58];
- plants, [13];
- shellfish, [24];
- tin, [29];
- tuberculosis infection, [51];
- typhoid infection, [44]
- Poisoning, food:
- articles of food most commonly connected with, [7];
- effects of, [2];
- extent of, [3];
- frequency of, [1];
- kinds of, [6];
- means of prevention, [2];
- obscure, [100];
- outbreaks of, in United States, [3], [4], [5];
- reports of, [3], [4], [8];
- scope of book, [6];
- seasonal incidence of, [5];
- unknown, [100]
- Poison-ivy, [14]
- "Poison squads," [34]
- Pollen, [9]
- Polyneuritis of fowls, [102]
- Pork, [79]
- Pork and beans, [88]
- Potatoes, [46], [107]
- Potato salad, [65]
- Preservatives:
- chemical, [33];
- food, [33];
- household, [37]
- Proteins, [9], [11], [12], [62], [69], [80]
- Protochloride of tin, [30]
- "Ptomain poisoning," [1], [3], [18], [68], [97]
- Puffers, [24]
- Pulse, [103]
- Pyrites, iron, [26]
- Q
- Quinine, [33]
- R
- Rabbit, [71]
- Rachitis, [105]
- Radishes, [45]
- Rash, [10], [12]
- Rats, [56], [74], [75], [78], [81], [82]
- "Rat virus," [75]
- Refrigeration, [33], [40]
- Rice, [43], [102]
- Ricin, [14]
- Rickets, [105]
- Ripening, [97]
- Roundworm, [79]
- "Royal Amanita," [18]
- Rye, [85]
- S
- Saccharin, [41]
- Salad, [5], [95], [107];
- dressing, [95]
- Salicylic acid, [36]
- Salt, [33], [41], [94]
- Salt solution, [33], [40]
- Salting, [33]
- Saltpeter brines, [33]
- Sandwiches, [46]
- Saponin, [42]
- Sausage, [5], [7], [40], [56], [65], [69], [75], [78], [79], [86], [88]
- Scarlet fever, [54]
- Scurvy, [55], [104]
- Sensitization, food, [6], [9]
- "Septic sore throat," [55]
- Serum, antitoxic, [96];
- blood, [11], [64], [65], [70];
- therapeutic, [9]
- Shark, [25]
- Sheep, [71], [100]
- Shellfish, [10], [24], [106]
- Shrimp, [71]
- Smoking, [33], [93], [94]
- Snail, [107]
- "Soda water," [42]
- Sodic carbonate, [36]
- Sodium benzoate, [34]
- Sodium fluoride, [40]
- "Soft drinks," [28], [42]
- Soil, infected, [46], [47]
- Solanin, [107]
- Solder, [28]
- Sorrel, [18]
- "Sour grass soup," [18]
- Sour milk, [97]
- Spaghetti, [44]
- Spices, [37]
- Staphylococcus, [96]
- Stoppers, patent metal, [28]
- Strawberries, [10]
- "Streptococcus sore throat," [55]
- Strongyloides, [84]
- Strychnine, [33], [96]
- Sturgeon, [25]
- Substances, coloring, [31]
- Substitutes, food, [16], [41]
- Sugar, [26], [28], [41], [42]
- Sugar solution, [33], [40]
- Sulphite, [36], [40]
- Sulphurous acid, [26], [27], [36]
- Swine, [74], [80], [81], [82], [93]
- Symptoms:
- cholera-like, [25], [77];
- circulatory, [10];
- coma, [22];
- constipation, [89], [90], [100];
- convulsions, [20], [22], [25];
- coryza, [10];
- diarrhea, [10], [21], [61], [90];
- difficulty in swallowing, [20];
- digestive, [1], [61], [105];
- dizziness, [20], [90];
- eyelids, edematous, [10];
- febrile anemia, [104];
- fever, [61], [79];
- gastro-intestinal, [1], [10], [58], [61], [90];
- hemoglobinuria, [104];
- jaundice, [104];
- mental, [24];
- nausea, [10], [12], [88];
- nervous, [10], [24], [90], [103];
- pain:
- abdominal, [21], [61], [89],
- muscular, [79], [80];
- paralysis, [25], [96];
- rapidity of appearance of, [10], [44], [58], [61], [91];
- rash, [10], [12];
- sneezing, [10];
- temperature, subnormal, [89], [100];
- thirst, [21], [89];
- trismus, [20];
- visual, [20], [88], [89], [90], [91], [96];
- vomiting, [10], [12], [21], [88], [90], [100]
- Syrups, [27], [42]
- T
- Tapeworm, [82], [83]
- Tea, [36]
- Tenia saginata, [82]
- Teniasis, [82]
- Tenia solium, [82]
- Tetrodontidae, [24]
- Theobromine, [36]
- Tin, [29]-[30]
- Tin salts, [30]
- "Toadstools," [18]
- Tomatoes, [12]
- Toxin, [68]
- Trembles, [100]
- Trichina, [79]
- Trichinella spiralis, [79], [80]
- Trichiniasis, [79]
- Trichinosis, [79]
- Tuberculin, [9]
- Tuberculosis, [44], [51]
- Typhoid fever: [44]-[50], [78], [79];
- carriers, [45], [48], [50], [66];
- milk-borne, [48]
- U
- Uncinariasis, [83]
- Urticaria, [10]
- Utensils, cooking, [27], [28], [30]
- V
- Vanilla: [105];
- ice cream, [105];
- pudding, [65], [105]
- Vegetables, [5], [29], [30], [31], [45], [46], [47], [62], [83], [95], [97], [104]
- Veratrum viride, [14]
- "Verdigris poisoning," [31]
- Vermicelli, [67]
- "Vitamin," [102], [103]
- W
- Water, [28], [50], [75]
- Watercress, [45], [46]
- Wintergreen, [14]
- Z
- Zygadenus, [14]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Tables [A] and [B] show that the "expectation of life" for adults of forty years and over is shorter in New York City now than it was thirty years ago ([Table A]), and that this increase in the death-rate in the higher-age groups is manifested in recent years in a wide area in this country ([Table B]). This increased mortality is due chiefly to diseases of the heart, arteries, and kidneys, and to cancer.