[605] Esquisse de Constantinople, by Dr. Mordtmann, sect. 71–75.
[606] Mr. Theodore Bent, who had paid greater attention to the archæology of the Greek Islands and to their present condition than any other Englishman, called my attention to the fact that the churches on the highest peaks not dedicated to St. George were usually dedicated to St. Elias, or to the Transfiguration, and suggested that there may have been a confusion in the minds of the islanders between Elias and Helios, the aspirate in the latter word being silent in modern Greek.
[607] Valuable suggestions and information are given by Mr. Sathas in reference to the survival of paganism in Documents inédits, Athens, vol. i. Lord Beaconsfield in Lothair shows a true insight into the actual condition of Greek Christianity when he represents Mr. Phœbus as describing what he proposes to do with an island which he has leased in the Aegean. He will restore paganism, will set up the statue which he has sculptured of the American Theodora in a grove of laurel still much resorted to, and will have processions in the beautiful pagan fashion. The people are still ‘performing unconsciously the religious ceremonies of their ancestors.’ Lothair, ch. xxvii. and xxviii.
[INDEX]
- Abassid dynasty used symbol of the Crescent, [141] n.
- Achaia, principality of, [40]
- Acropolitas, George (historian), [16];
- at the Union ceremony at Lyons in 1274, [34]
- Agriculture: Turks have never taken kindly to, [58]
- Alans, Asiatic tribe, [43] sqq., [47], [61], [64]
- Alexander of Sinope, [317]
- Alexis, Emperor of Trebizond (1222), [9];
- called himself Grand Comnenus and Emperor of the Faithful Romans, [387]
- Ali, chief of a Turkish band: shared in Othman’s raids on the empire, [61]
- Ali Pasha (grand vizier of Bajazed), [134], [136]
- Alphonse of Aragon, [129]
- Amadeo of Savoy, [91]
- Amer Bey, standard-bearer of Mahomet II., [289]
- Ameroukes, George (mathematician): at the court of Mahomet II., [393]
- Amogavares, Spanish mercenaries, [42]
- Amurath, son of Orchan. See Murad
- Anatolia-Hissar, [120], [126], [164] n., [213], [215]
- Anatolians: defeat of their attack in the siege, [337] sqq.;
- their discipline and daring, [338]
- Andronicus II., Emperor (1282–1328: son and successor of Michael VIII.): hostility to Unionist party, [37];
- question as to marriage of his son Michael, [37] sq.;
- Latin attempts against his empire, [38];
- calls to his aid Roger de Flor and the Catalan Grand Company, [39];
- their actions caused introduction of Turks into Europe, [49];
- loss of Imperial territory through Othman’s attacks, [61];
- Turks cross Dardanelles, [61] sq.;
- Andronicus’s son Michael co-emperor with his father, [65], [67];
- quarrels between Andronicus II., and Andronicus his grandson, [67] sq.;
- Andronicus II. abdicates and ends his days as a monk, [68]
- Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1382–41; son of Michael IX.; successor to Andronicus II.): quarrels with his grandfather and causes him to abdicate, [67] sq.;
- Andronicus, son of John V.: regent during his father’s absence, [92];
- Angora (1402), 112; details of the battle, [142] sqq.;
- result of Timour’s victory, [147]
- Anjou, Charles of (King of Sicily): designs restoration of Latin empire, [34];
- his forces find other employment, [36]
- Apocaukus: his strife with John Cantacuzenus, [71] sq.;
- hired (1343) a Turkish fleet and army, [100]
- Arabs: their various attempts to capture New Rome, [230]
- Aragon, Frederic of, [38]
- Aragon, Peter of, [36];
- his mercenary troops, [41]
- Archers, Turkish, [135];
- Aretinus, Leonard: enthusiasm for Greek, [405]
- Armenia, king of, [38]
- Arquebusers: Anatolian, [167];
- German, [173]
- Arrows carrying flaming materials, used by Timour, [146]
- Arsenius, patriarch: excommunicated Michael VIII. for cruel treatment of the boy John Lascaris, [26];
- Asia Minor: its old commerce with Constantinople, [23];
- Tartar ravages in, [53]
- Asomaton, [164] n.
- Athanasius, patriarch (1450), [202]
- Athens, duchy of, seized by Catalans, [69]
- Aurispa, pupil of Chrysoloras, [406]
Babylon, sultan of. See Egypt- Bachaturean walls, [240]
- Bactatinian Tower, [240];
- destroyed by Turks, [268]
- Bagdad, the last of its caliphs, [53]
- Bajazed, Sultan (1389–1403, son of Murad): obtained nickname of Ilderim or the Thunderbolt, [132];
- successful attacks upon the empire, ib.;
- crushes Bulgarian kingdom, [134];
- defeats Western armies at Nicopolis, [134] sqq.;
- for years kept Constantinople under terror of sieges, [137];
- extent of his possessions, ib.;
- summons of Timour to Bajazed, [138] sq.;
- the sultan’s reply, [141];
- Timour’s crushing defeat of Turks at Angora, Bajazed taken captive, [142] sqq.;
- his treatment by his captor, [144] sq.;
- territory taken from Turks by Timour, [145];
- Bajazed’s death, [147]
- Baldwin, Emperor (Latin, 1204–05), [2] sq.
- Baldwin II., Emperor (Latin, 1237–61, successor of John of Brienne), [11];
- Bâle, Council of (for Union, 1431): strife over its transference to Bologna, [121]
- Balkan peninsula: the continuous mutual jealousies of the races inhabiting it, [187];
- a ‘Debateable Land,’ [187] n.
- Baloukli, Holy Well of, [18]
- Baltoglu, a Bulgarian renegade: in command of Turkish fleet at the great siege, [233], [244];
- Barlaam, Abbot (an Eastern controversialist), [69], [87];
- taught Greek (at Avignon) at Petrarch’s request, [404]
- Bartolo, Nicolo (Venetian): his ‘Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,’ ix
- Bashi-Bazouks, [223];
- an undisciplined mob: what they were used for, [229];
- their eagerness for the final struggle, [319];
- they begin the general attack, and are defeated, [335];
- their body made up of Moslems, Christians and foreigners, ib.;
- Mahomet’s object in making them the first to attack, [335] sq.;
- their weapons and manner of fighting, [336]
- ‘Bastion’ of Mahomet II.: description of its construction, [292] sq.;
- its position, [293]
- Bektash, Hadji, dervish and saint: honoured by Janissaries, [223];
- Belgrade: captured by Turks: Serbians become vassals of Murad, [107]
- Bellini, Gentile (artist): at court of Mahomet II., [393]
- Benedict XI., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, [69]
- Berenger of Catalonia, leader of mercenaries: joins with Roger de Flor, [45];
- Bessarion: Eastern representative at Council of Florence, [125] sq.;
- Bethune, John de: his expedition to help Baldwin II., [11]
- Biremes, description of, [234]
- Blachern, palace of, [19], [243], [290], [332]
- Blackbirds, Plain of. See Cossovo-pol
- Black Death, the, [76], [104];
- Blum, Robert. See Roger de Flor
- Boccaccio: promoted study of Greek, [404] sq.;
- learned Greek and lectured on its literature, [405]
- Bocchiardi, Paul, Antony, and Troilus, three Italian brothers: provided, at their own cost, a contingent in defence of Constantinople (1453), [249];
- Bogomils, an heretical sect, 87 and n., [151]
- Bohemians (followers of John Huss), [121]
- Bolero, Emperor Michael’s hunting-ground, [17]
- Boniface IX., Pope: procures aid for the Greeks: the expedition defeated (1396), [110]
- Boom, the, across Golden Horn, [221], [271], [287], [290]
- Boucicaut, Admiral of Venetian and Genoese combined fleets, [111], [137]
- Brancovich, George (of Serbia): supplies men and much money to the combination against Murad II., [159];
- Brienne, Gautier de, duke of Athens, [69]
- Brousa: its surrender to Othman (1326), [64];
- Bulgaria: Baldwin’s expedition against (1204), [3], [7] sq., [25];
- Burgundians at Nicopolis, [135]
- Burgundy, Louis of, [40]
- Byzantine art: its influence upon the West, [413]
- Caligaria: defence of its walls, [221]
- Caloyers (Greek monks): defenders in the great siege, [250], [259]
- Cannon, Urban’s monster gun, [231], [245];
- account of other large guns, [231] n.;
- various names for cannon, [246];
- size of stone balls thrown, ib.;
- probably not mounted on wheels, ib.;
- Urban’s great cannon destroyed, but afterwards recast and again used, [245];
- Turkish superiority in the use of cannon, [252];
- siege of Constantinople an era in employment of large cannon, [252];
- brass cannon, in use, [252] n.;
- destructive effect shown in the siege, [255];
- Greek words used for ‘cannon,’ [292] n.
- Cantacuzenus, Andronicus: a defender in the great siege, [249]
- Caraja, leader of European Turks: killed at Varna, [168]
- Caraja Pasha: head of European division of Turks, [243];
- Caristo, an old Venetian: a defender in the great siege, [249]
- Castriotes, George. See Iskender
- Catalan Grand Company. See Roger de Flor
- Catalusio, Catherine, wife of Constantine Dragases (died 1442), [203] n., [298] n.
- Cesarini, Cardinal Julian, [125];
- Charles VI. (France): refuses Manuel’s proposed vassalage, [111]
- Chateaumorand, lieutenant of Boucicaut, [112], [137]
- China: Timour’s intended invasion, [147]
- Clement IV., Pope, [31]
- Clement VI., Pope: his efforts to check Moslem progress: sends a fleet against Turks, [81];
- Christ, Tower of, [270]
- Chrysoloras, Manuel: taught Greek at Florence, Pavia, Venice, and Rome, [405] sq.
- Coco, James: scheme to capture Turkish vessels in Cassim Pasha Bay, [279], [283], [288]
- Colonies of Westerns domiciled in Constantinople, [77]
- Comans (or Tur-Comans): a band of, in service of Latins, [13]
- Commerce, the stream of, through the Bosporus, [23]
- Constantine XI., Emperor (sometimes called Constantine XII., Dragases: 1449–53: brother of John VII.): ruler in the Peloponnesus, [171];
- defeated by Murad II.: compelled to pay tribute and surrender territory to him, [172];
- becomes last Christian emperor: crowned 1449, [201];
- the Union question combined with desired aid from the West, [202];
- preparations for its formal completion, [203];
- the emperor’s relations with Mahomet II., [211] sq.;
- the fortress of Roumelia-Hissar, [213] sqq.;
- Mahomet declares war, [216];
- preparations against siege, [219];
- help from the pope, from Venice and the Genoese, [220];
- Justiniani made Commander-in-chief, ib.;
- Turkish fleet in the Bosporus, [233];
- Greeks break down bridges leading across the foss, and close the city gates, [235];
- gradual approach of Turkish army, [236];
- emperor’s reply to Mahomet’s formal offer of peace, [236];
- paucity of the imperial forces, [246] sq.;
- positions occupied by his troops, [248] sqq.;
- his cannon were few and of little value, [250];
- equipment and arms of the forces, [251]
- Constantine XI.—The Siege: the city beleaguered (April 7, 1453), [254];
- first bombardment, [255];
- defeats of enemy’s attempts, [256];
- a naval battle: defeat of Baltoglu, [257] sqq.;
- fruitless appeals for further aid, [268];
- more destructive bombardment, [269];
- transport of Turkish vessels overland, [269] sqq.;
- Constantine alleged to have sued for peace, [277];
- the sultan’s reply, ib.;
- the statement is hardly probable, [278];
- the emperor sends a vessel to search for the expected Venetian fleet, [285];
- his reply to proposal that he should leave the city, [286] sq.;
- pacifies quarrel of Venetians and Genoese, [288];
- strange phenomena seen in city (May 22–26, 1453), [296] sqq.;
- great alarm of emperor and people, [298]
- Constantine XI.—Last days of Empire: comparison of conditions of besieged and besiegers, [313];
- difference of character in their final preparations, [314];
- some food for hope for the Greeks, ib.;
- Ismail of Sinope brings suggestion of Greek surrender, on terms, [317];
- emperor’s reply, [318];
- religious preparations for the coming struggle: the last religious procession in the city, [327];
- Constantine’s ‘funeral oration of the Empire,’ [328];
- spirit of the speech, [329];
- his last view of the city, [332];
- his attempt to rally defenders at the stockade, [347];
- took the post of Justiniani after the latter’s departure, [348];
- death of Constantine, [350];
- variant accounts as to the manner of his death, [353] sqq.;
- his character, [355];
- his burial-place unknown, [357]
- Constantinople—Latin Empire, 1204–61: the city never recovered the blow inflicted by the Fourth Crusade, [1];
- Baldwin, the first Latin emperor: the parcelling out of the empire and division of the spoil, [2] sq.;
- dissensions, [3];
- conflict with Bulgarians, ib.;
- disputes among leaders, [4];
- opposition of Greek population: empire of Nicaea, [5] sq.;
- Baldwin’s death: succeeded by Henry (1205), [7];
- Henry’s policy of conciliation, [8];
- mysterious death of his successor, Peter of Courtenay, ib.;
- fate of Peter’s successor, Robert, [9];
- in 1222 there were four persons claiming to be emperors, ib.;
- Robert’s successor, John de Brienne (1228): troubles of his reign, [10];
- Baldwin II. succeeded (1237): his visit to the West to beg for help in men and money, ib.;
- intense distress and want of food in the city, [11];
- decay of the empire, [12];
- sacred relics and other valuables sold to raise money, ib.;
- decay of the city, [13];
- lawlessness of Crusaders, [13] sq.;
- events after Baldwin’s return: more degradation, [15] sq.;
- fruitless negotiations with Emperor Michael (of Nicaea), [16];
- the capture of Constantinople (1261), [17] sqq.;
- ignominious flight of Baldwin, [19];
- the Latin empire had done irreparable mischief and no compensatory good, [20]
- Constantinople—Reconstructing the Empire: a city of desolation: destruction and plunder of treasures of art and civilisation, [22];
- its old commerce ruined, [23];
- desolation in the city reproduced in the provinces, [24];
- Michael VIII.’s difficulties: anarchy within his dominions and hostility from without, [25];
- hatred of Orthodox towards Roman Church, ib.;
- from Michael’s own usurpation, [26];
- from attempts by Latins to recover the Empire, [29];
- strife about Union of Churches, [31] sqq.;
- Union apparently effected (Lyons, 1274), but rejected at Constantinople, [34];
- further desperate papal efforts, [35];
- death of Michael: his son, Andronicus II., succeeded (1282), [36] sq.;
- popes still favour re-establishment of Latin empire, [38];
- various projects in that direction, [38] sqq.;
- Andronicus calls in the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, [40];
- ill effects thereof, [41] sqq.;
- outrages upon subjects of the empire, [43] sq., [46];
- emperor’s effort to buy them off, [47];
- disastrous results from attempts to restore Latin empire, [49] sqq.
- Constantinople—Dynastic Struggles: attack of Sultan Othman on imperial
- territory (1282), [61] sqq.;
- Turks called in as partisans in imperial dynastic struggles, [63];
- Brousa captured by Othman, [64];
- distressed condition of the empire in 1320, [65];
- long and lasting evils of dynastic struggles, [66];
- the quarrels between Andronicus II. and his grandson, [67];
- thirteen years constant war against Turks, [68] sqq.;
- the bitter strife between John V. and John Cantacuzenus (1342–55), [70] sqq.
- Constantinople—Causes leading to Decay of Empire: the small remnant of territory to which Constantine Dragases succeeded, [180];
- the decay was not due to demoralisation of people, [180] sq.;
- they were superstitiously religious, but not given to frivolous amusement, [181];
- their indifference to matters political, [182];
- no fervour or energy among Churchmen and nobles, [182] sq.;
- no commercial spirit existed, [183];
- merits and faults were alike negative, [184];
- enervation caused by relaxing climate of Constantinople, [184] n.;
- chief causes of decay: mischief arising out of Latin conquest, [185];
- internal divisions and civil wars helped the Turks’ aims against empire, [185] sq.;
- autocratic form of government, [186];
- hostile races, and their mutual jealousies, [187];
- dissensions between co-emperors, ib.;
- immiscible racial groups, [188];
- the system of Turkish conquests: nomads replace agriculturists, [188] sq.;
- fearful havoc of the Black Death, (1347), [189] sqq.;
- densely populated and flourishing countries become a desolation, [191];
- population of Constantinople in 1453, [192] sqq.;
- its commerce, [194];
- relations of government and governed, ib.;
- no divine right of succession, [195];
- co-emperors, ib.;
- law fairly administered, ib.;
- popular interest in religious questions, [196];
- intellectual life: classical Greek modified by Christianity, [197];
- Greek historians of the period, ib.;
- character of civilisation of the time, [197] sq.;
- intellectual life in provincial cities, [199];
- few glimpses of domestic life, ib.;
- a period of disasters, struggles, alarms, and illusions, [200]
- Constantinople—Topography of the City: Galata of Pera (Genoese colony), [237];
- Stamboul (in 1453), ib.;
- position and shape of the city proper, ib.;
- the foss from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, [238];
- description of the walls: Landward Walls, [238] sqq.;
- the Peribolos or enclosure, [238];
- Outer Wall, [239];
- gates, civil and military, ib.;
- valley of the Lycus, ib.;
- the Mesoteichion and the Myriandrion, [240];
- Bachaturean walls, ib.;
- Inner Wall, [241];
- the neglect of keeping the walls in good condition: money intended for their repair had been misappropriated, [242];
- the defenders at the great siege took up their position in the Peribolos, [243];
- local disposition of the enemy’s forces, [243] sq.;
- positions of the imperial forces, [248] sqq.
- Constantinople—Events of the Siege: the Queen City cut off from the outside world, [254];
- damage done by enemy’s cannonades, [255];
- construction of a stockade, ib.;
- attempted capture and attack on boom repelled, [256];
- Baltoglu’s attack on aid-bearing vessels: description of the fight, [257] sqq.;
- attack defeated: number of casualties, [267];
- attack on the landward walls: destructive bombardment, [268];
- a stockade formed, [269];
- the transport of Turkish ships overland, [269] sqq.;
- Greek scheme to destroy these vessels, [279] sq.;
- the attempt made, [281];
- failure, [282];
- constant attacks on the landward walls; operations of the great cannon, [283];
- provisions running short, [285];
- naval skirmishes, ib.;
- vessel sent out to find Venetian fleet, ib.;
- proposal that emperor should leave the city, [286];
- attacks on boom, [287], [290];
- jealousy between Venetians and Genoese, [288];
- attempts to capture city by assault defeated, [289] sq.;
- attempts to undermine walls, [281], [294] sq.;
- a ‘bastion’ erected by Turks, [292] sq.;
- destroyed by Greeks, [294];
- failure to find Venetian fleet, [295];
- supernatural omens, [296] sq.;
- dissensions in city: among Greeks, arising out of the Union, [303];
- between Greeks and Italians: mainly from religious animosity, [301];
- between Venetians and Genoese: charge of treachery against the latter, [303];
- Greeks charged with lukewarmness and defections, [305];
- breaches made in the walls by Turks, [308];
- Justiniani’s stockade, [309];
- failure of Serbia and Hungary to send aid, [311];
- Hunyadi said to have been in communication with sultan, [312]
- Constantinople—The last days of Empire; Ismail of Sinope brings from sultan suggestion to surrender, on terms: rejected, [317] sq.;
- final preparations by the Greeks, [326];
- last religious procession in the city, [327];
- speech of the emperor, [328];
- last Christian service in St. Sophia, [330];
- the gates closed, [331];
- the general assault (May 29, 1453), [334];
- first attacks defeated, [335] sqq.;
- the assault by Janissaries, [340];
- the Kerkoporta incident, [341];
- how the Turks got inside the Outer Wall, [342] sqq.;
- Justiniani wounded, [345];
- the consequences, [346] sqq.;
- final charge and success of Janissaries, [348];
- stockade captured, [349];
- death of Constantine, [350];
- capture of Constantinople, ib.;
- Mahomet enters the city, [351];
- the capture due to two accidents, the neglected postern and the wound of Justiniani, ib.;
- tardy arrival of aid, [352]
- Constantinople—In the hands of the Turks: the final struggles, [358] sqq.;
- panic throughout the city, [351];
- general slaughter during half a day, [362];
- flight of Christians to ships, [363];
- atrocities by looters, [364];
- gross treatment of refugees in St. Sophia, [366];
- and of the church, [367];
- wanton destruction of books, ib.;
- number of persons captured or killed, [368];
- fate of fugitives, [369];
- St. Sophia made a mosque, [373];
- fate of defenders after capture, [373] sqq.;
- the city brought to desolation, [377];
- love of Easterns for it, [378];
- picturesque beauty of its situation, [379];
- sultan’s endeavours to repeople it, [380] sqq.;
- Christian worship tolerated: Gennadius appointed patriarch, [382] sq.
- Constantinople—Effects of the Capture: an epoch-marking event, [414];
- alarm created in Europe, [415];
- degradation of the Queen City, [416];
- disastrous results upon Christian subjects: they became rayahs or cattle, [417];
- causes of their impoverishment and demoralisation, [418] sq.;
- degradation of Church, [420];
- injury to religion and learning, ib.;
- destruction of benefits conferred by the Church, [421];
- inducements offered to abandon Christianity, [422];
- degraded position of women, [422] n.;
- Christians became demoralised and lost self-respect, [423];
- impossibility of obtaining justice, [424];
- slight effect of the conquest on mass of Turkish population, [425];
- dawn of a better day, [426] sqq.
- Constantinople, Synod of (1450), on Union: deposed patriarch Gregory (a favourer of Union), [202]
- Contarini, James (Venetian): a defender in the great siege, [250]
- Cossovo-pol (or Plain of Blackbirds), the first battle of (1389): utter defeat by Turks of Serbians and their allies, [108];
- Countouz, son of Murad: raised rebellion against his father, [106];
- his punishment, ib.
- Courtenay, Catherine of: a marriage proposed between her and a Palaeologus, [37];
- she married Charles of Valois, [38]
- Crescent, the: use of the symbol is ancient: its probable origin, [140] n.
- Cretan ships in imperial fleet (1453), [250];
- their crews were the last Christians to quit their posts after the capture of the city, [363]
- Crimea: Turks driven out by Tartars (1300), [64]
- Critobulus: his ‘Life of Mahomet II.,’ x
- Crusade, the Fourth, [1];
- Dalmata, John: with Constantine in final assault, [350]
- Dan, prince (of the Wallachs): does homage to Murad II., [156]
- Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192), [1], [4] sq. [39], [49]
- Dante: helped to Western appreciation of Greek literature, [404]
- Danube, the: the highway between the Black and the North Seas, [23]
- David, emperor (Trebizond): defeated by Mahomet II., [388]
- Demetrius, brother of Constantine Dragases, [201]
- Demetrius, brother of John VII.: refused to sign Act of Union, [127]
- Derrybeys: meaning of the term, [222]
- Dervish sects: character of their religion, [171] n.
- Diedo, Alexis (Aloysius), naval officer: in the great siege, [220] sq.;
- Dnieper, the: the commerce of, [23]
- Documents relating to siege of Constantinople unknown to Gibbon, xiii sq.
- Dolma Bagtche, palace of, [233]
- Double Columns (Diplokionion), the, [233], [291]
- Double Procession, the: discussions on, at Florence, [125] sq.
- Drakul, prince of Wallachia, [164], [170]
- Dromon: meaning of the word as applied to ships, [235]
- Ducas, John, Emperor (of Nicaea, 1258–60: a boy;
- successor of Theodore Lascaris II.), [16]
- Egypt, sultan of (known to Crusaders as sultan of Babylon), [60]
- Elephants employed in battle by Timour, [143]
- Elias Pasha, abettor of Mustafa, [115] n., [154]
- Elizabeth, mother of young king Ladislaus: her successful resistance of Murad II. in Hungary, [157]
- Emperor: the title assumed by rulers of Trebizond and Nicaea, [5]
- England: destructiveness of Black Death in (1348), [190] n., [191]
- Epirus, [5], [7];
- the despot of, [8] sq.
- Erasmus: promoted study of Greek, [410]
- Ertogrul (or Orthogrul), father of Othman or Osman, the founder of Ottoman dynasty, [60]
- Eugenius IV,. Pope, great struggle for Union of the Churches, [120] sqq.;
- Eugenius, Tower of, [221]
- Europe, Eastern: its gigantic struggle
- in fifteenth century against hordes of Asia, Turks and Tartars, [132]
- Eyoub, standard-bearer of the Prophet, [230]
- Ferrara, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1437), [123];
- outbreak of plague, 125;
- Council transferred to Florence, [125]
- Firelocks or fusils (throwing leaden balls): used by the Turks in siege, [269], [325]
- Flatanelas, an imperial naval commander, [258];
- gallant conduct in battle with Baltoglu, [263] sq.
- Florence, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1439): the chief representatives on both sides, [125];
- Foscari, doge of Venice (1451), [203]
- Foss, the, from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, [238];
- Francisco of Toledo, Don: with Constantine in final assault, [350]
- Franco, standard-bearer at Varna, [167] sq.
- Frederic, Emperor: his excommunication (1245), [15] sq.
- Frederic, King of Sicily (1313), [40] sq.
- Frenchmen among fighting men of the Latins, [19] n.
- Fustae (vessels), description of, [234]
- Galata, a village near Varna, [165]
- Galata of Pera (the Genoese colony), [237], [243];
- its surrender to Mahomet II., [370] sqq.
- Galata, Tower of (formerly called Tower of Christ), [221], [281], [371]
- Galley: its meaning in fifteenth century, [235]
- Gates of Constantinople: Adrianople, [236], [239] sq., [243] sq., [343];
- Caligaria (now called Egri Capou or Crooked Gate), [249], [332];
- Chariseus, [293] n.;
- Civil Gates, [243];
- Cresu (probably Chariseus or Adrianople Gate), [246] n.;
- Golden, [19] n., [73], [114], [130] n., [133];
- Hedjoum Capou (‘Gate of the Assault’), [240], [310];
- Horaia, [250], [360], [363];
- Kerkoporta (Porta Xylokerkou): the results of its postern gate being neglected, [342] sqq., [351];
- Military Gates, [239] sq., [243], [245];
- Pegè (or Gate of the Springs): now Silivria Gate), [18], [19] n., [239];
- Psamatia, [322];
- Rhegium (now called Mevlevihana Capou), [245];
- St. Eugenius, [322];
- St. Kyriakè, [240];
- St. Romanus (formerly known as the Pempton), [114], [236] n., [283], [290], [350];
- St. Theodosia, [250] n.;
- Top Capou (Cannon Gate), [236], [239] sq., [243], [356];
- Triton, [239];
- Xyloporta (Woodgate), [114], [243]
- Genghis Khan, a Mongol: his followers mainly Turks, [52], [54];
- married a Christian, [54]
- Gennadius. See Scholarius, George
- Genoese, in occupation of Galata, [17];
- made alliance with Emperor Michael, ib.;
- defeat of Catalans, [46];
- colony at Galata, [77];
- rivalry with Venetians: a battle between them in the Bosporus, ib.;
- joined with Turks against Constantinople, 78;
- bought off with a concession of territory by Cantacuzenus, [78];
- their defeat (1379) of Venetians, [95];
- colonists desire to acknowledge Timour as suzerain, [146], [148];
- the size of their ships, [154] n.;
- their hatred of Venetians, [157] n.;
- preparations against the great siege, [220];
- joined with Venetians in defence of Constantinople (1453), [247] sq.;
- ships bringing aid to the city attacked by Turks, [259];
- Turks defeated, [265];
- Genoese accused of giving aid to Mahomet II., [270];
- their relations with him, [287];
- quarrels, during siege, with Venetians, [288];
- discussion of charge of treachery brought against them, [303];
- Mahomet ordered them to prevent help being sent clandestinely to the city, [320];
- escape of some galleys, with refugees from the captured city, [370]
- Germanus, patriarch, succeeded Arsenius, [28]
- Giant’s Mountain, the, [164]
- Gibbon: his ‘Decline and Fall’ needs rectification by new sources of information, v sq.;
- the sources he used were vitiated by prejudices, vii;
- bias caused by his own principles, ib.;
- criticism of his statement that the Greeks’ spirit of religion was productive only of animosity and discord, [306]
- Godfrey de Bouillon, [97] n.
- Godfrey, imperial Grand Huntsman, [98]
- Grant, John (a German): a defender in the great siege, [249];
- his skilful countermining of the Turks, [292]
- Greek Empire: influence of Hellenism upon, [399];
- deep love of the people for the old Greek language and literature, [400];
- this formed a strong bond of union, ib.;
- dark periods of literature, [401];
- disappearance of books after 1204, ib.;
- in Constantinople there was always a considerable number of scholars and students, [402];
- these helped to preserve Greek language and literature, ib.;
- departure of Greek scholars to the West began with the Latin conquest, [403];
- their dispersion introduced to Western Europe new ideals, 413.
- See also Renaissance
- Greek fire: the use of, [263]
- Greeks: their condition in Constantinople after 1204, [3], [5], [13]
- Gregory, patriarch, a favourer of Union: deposed (1450), [202];
- restored, [205]
- Gregory IX., Pope, [11]
- Gregory X., Pope: negotiations with Michael VIII. for Union, [32];
- the reconciliation of 1274, [34]
- Gregory XI., Pope: efforts against Moslem progress, [92];
- and for Union, [93]
- Grione, Zacharia, naval officer: a defender in the great siege, [266];
- helped in Coco’s scheme, [281]
- Gul Jami (Mosque of the Rose): formerly church of St. Theodosia, [360]
- Guy de Lusignan, [90]
- Hagia Sophia, [204] sq., [297] sq.;
- Halil Pasha, a Turkish leader friendly to the Greeks, [158];
- Halil, son of Orchan, [102]
- Hamoud, Admiral, successor of Baltoglu, [322], [325];
- Harmanli, battle of: Serbians and Bulgarians defeated by Turks (1371), [105]
- Hassan, a gigantic Janissary, [348]
- Helepoles: Greek name for cannon, [293]
- Henry, Emperor (Latin, 1205–16: brother and successor of Baldwin), [7] sqq.
- Henry III. (England), [11]
- Henry IV. (England): refused aid to Manuel, [112]
- Heraclia, Bishop: his rejection of Union, [127] sq.
- Hexamilion, rampart of, [172]
- Hieron: question of its situation, [164] n.
- Hilarion, a valiant monk, [63]
- Histodokè (in a trireme): its use, [234]
- Holy Apostles, church of the: presented by Mahomet to patriarch Gennadius, [384]
- Holy Cross, Tower of, [371]
- Holy Gates, the (in a Greek church), [36]
- Honorius III., Pope, [9]
- Houlagou, grandson of Genghis Khan: his ravages in Asia Minor, [53];
- Hungary: king of (1318), [40];
- Hunyadi, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania: in chief command of combined forces against Murad II., [159];
- his previous successful operations against Turks, ib.;
- his victory at Slivnitza (1443), [160];
- the treaty of Szegedin: not signed by Hunyadi, [161];
- he reluctantly consents to its violation, [163];
- battle of Varna, [164] sqq.;
- complete defeat of Christians, [170];
- again defeated, at Cossovo-pol (1448), [174] sq.;
- Hunyadi’s loss of reputation, [175];
- made a truce with Mahomet II., [213];
- nicknamed ‘Black John’ by Turks, [228];
- the price he demanded for aid to the emperor in the great siege, [268] n.;
- no aid came from him, ib.;
- in communication with Mahomet II., [312];
- his agents said to have instructed Turks in use of great bombard, ib.
- Ibrahim Bey: his revolt against Mahomet II., [211] sq.
- Iconostasis, the (in a Greek church), [36] n.
- Impalement of captives: practised by Turks, [253]
- Innocent III., Pope, [1], [6];
- Innocent V., Pope: sent preaching friars to Constantinople, [35]
- Innocent VI., Pope: relations, about Union, with John V., [90]
- Iradè (Turkish edict) issued by Mahomet II., [315]
- Isa, son of Bajazed, [143] sq., [149]
- Isaac, Emperor, [4]
- Isaac Pasha, vizier of Mahomet II., [209];
- Isidore, metropolitan of Russia, [125];
- Isidore, patriarch, [75]
- Iskender Bey (i.e. Alexander Bey = George Castriotes; also known as Scanderbeg), an Albanian leader, [158];
- in possession of Albania and Macedonia, [161];
- prevented from joining Ladislaus against Murad II., [163];
- Iskender’s origin, [172];
- his capture of Croya, [172] sq.;
- in the battle of Cossovo-pol (1448), [174] sq.;
- twice repels Murad’s attempts to recapture Croya, [202];
- siege of Sventigrad: losses of Turks, ib.
- Islam: growth of its influence, [102];
- its character as a religion, [209] n.
- Islands, Greek: surrender of, to Mahomet, [381]
- Ismail of Sinope: endeavours to persuade Greeks to surrender on terms, [317]
- Ismidt, Gulf of: Turks build a fortress on (1395), [110]
- Italians; the number who took part in defence of Constantinople (1453), [247];
- their chivalrous conduct, [248]
- Jacoub: strangled by his brother, Bajazed, [133]
- Jagarus: supposed repairer of walls of the city: embezzled the money, [242]
- Janissaries, [103];
- fought at battle of Nicopolis, [135];
- at Angora (1402), [144];
- at battle of Varna, [167];
- at Cossovo-pol (1448), [174];
- the body founded by Sultan Orchan, [103], [223];
- origin and source of their supply, [224];
- strictness of their training and discipline, [225];
- esprit de corps, [226];
- developed into an imperium in imperio, [227];
- resemblance between them and the Knights Templars, ib.;
- Janissaries completely devoted to the sultan, ib.;
- success of sultans largely due to the New Troops, [228];
- their prowess turned the disaster of Varna into a great victory, ib.;
- their position in the grand assault, [323];
- their attack, [340];
- the incident at the Kerkoporta, [341];
- their final charge, [348];
- stockade captured, [349];
- complete success, [350];
- young Greek nobles placed in the corps after the capture, [381]
- John V. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1341–91; son of Andronicus III.): on account of John’s youth, Cantacuzenus was associated with his mother (Anne of Savoy) as regent, [70];
- in 1342 John Cantacuzenus was proclaimed joint emperor, ib.;
- the strife which followed: civil war, [71];
- John’s marriage to Helen, daughter of Cantacuzenus, [73];
- a remarkable coronation service: of the two emperors, their wives, and the dowager empress, ib.;
- vicious character of John, [74];
- persistent animosity of the partisans of both emperors, [75];
- alliance and aid of Turks called in, against Serbians, [75] sq.;
- John’s quarrels with his father-in-law, [78];
- treatment of Matthew Cantacuzenus, [79];
- causes abdication of his co-emperor, [80];
- John’s speedy disposal of Matthew, [87];
- his dislike of religious controversies, ib.;
- alliance with Sultan Murad, [88];
- political basis of his views about Union, [39];
- appeal to the pope, [90];
- unsatisfactory results, [90] sq.;
- visit to Rome: little help gained, [92];
- relations with Murad, [94];
- cruel treatment of his son Andronicus, and the son’s retaliation, ib.;
- his son Manuel co-emperor, [94] sq.;
- further domestic troubles, [95];
- death of John V. (1391), [96];
- his practical vassalage to the Turks, [96], [101];
- formally recognised (1373) Sultan Murad as his suzerain, [104]
- John Cantacuzenus, joint emperor with John V. (1342–55); held the
- dignity of Grand Domestic, [70];
- associated with Anne of Savoy as regent, ib.;
- proclaimed joint emperor, ib.;
- the civil war and decadence of the empire which followed, [70] sqq.;
- married his daughter Theodora to Sultan Orchan, and his daughter Helen to John V., [72];
- financial difficulties, [74];
- calls in Turkish aid against the Serbians, [76];
- a medley of incidents between the partisans of the two emperors, [76] sqq.;
- nomination of Matthew Cantacuzenus as co-emperor with his father, [78] sq.;
- Cantacuzenus retires to the monastery of Mount Athos (1355), [80];
- his death (1380), ib.;
- his character, [84] sqq.;
- his History, [85];
- his mother a Bogomil, [87]
- John VII. (sometimes called John V.: Palaeologus), Emperor (1425–48: nephew of Manuel II.): co-emperor with his uncle, [110];
- his appeals for aid from West, [115];
- conditions on which help was promised: Union and acknowledgment of papal supremacy, [116];
- position of empire in regard to the Turks in 1425, [119];
- the great attempt at Reunion, [120] sqq.;
- the Council on Union: Bâle (1431), [121];
- Ferrara (1438): John with imperial representatives present, [124];
- Florence (1439), [125];
- Union signed, [127];
- hotly opposed in Constantinople, [127] sqq.;
- events of John’s last years, [129];
- his death: summary of his reign, [130];
- terms of peace (1423) with Murad, [155];
- John does homage to the sultan, [156]
- John, grandson of John V.: made co-emperor with his grandfather and his uncle Manuel, [95]
- John, Emperor (Trebizond), [387]
- John of Brienne, Emperor (Latin, 1228–37: successor of Robert), [10]
- John, King (England), [10]
- John the Bastard, despot of Epirus, [35]
- John XXI., Pope: sent nuncios to Constantinople (1276), [35]
- John XXII., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, [69]
- John of Austria, Don: victory over Turks at Lepanto (1571), [416]
- John, patriarch, [75]
- John, Father (head of Dominicans, 1439), [125]
- Joseph, patriarch: succeeded Germanus, and formally absolved Michael VIII., [28] sq.;
- Justiniani: a commercial company in Chios, [133] n.
- Justiniani, John: a Genoese soldier of great reputation, [220];
- commander-in-chief of imperial forces at the great siege, ib.;
- his preparations: closes the harbour by a boom, [221];
- disposition of the few troops under his command, [249];
- erects a stockade to defend the walls where the attack was fiercest, [255], [283];
- defeats Turks in their first assault, [256];
- shares in scheme for attack on Turkish vessels, [279];
- is alleged to have advised the emperor to leave the city, [286];
- led the defence against attack at Turks’ ‘bastion,’ [294];
- Justiniani’s loyalty, bravery, and continuous labours in the siege, [303], [309];
- description of his stockade, [309];
- high esteem in which he was held, [310];
- influence of his energy and courage upon his troops, ib.;
- he led the defenders against Bashi-Bazouks, [336];
- and against Janissaries, [341], [345];
- Justiniani mortally wounded: retires within the walls, [345];
- his death, [346];
- his departure creates a panic among the forces, [346] sq., [352];
- partisan charges against him, [347], [352]
- Kahriè Mosque, [413] n.
- Knights of Rhodes, [93], [146], [151]
- Knights Templars, [53] sq., [227]
- Konia, sultan of, [387]
- Ladislaus, King of Poland (1428), [129], [157];
- Languages, various, in the Greek empire, [187]
- Lascaris, Theodore, emperor of Nicaea (1204–22): struggle with Baldwin and Henry (Baldwin’s successor), [6];
- Lascaris’s success: extent of his territory, [7]
- Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1254–58; son and successor of John Vataces): his prosperous reign, [15];
- increase of territory, [16]
- Lazarus, Kral of Serbia (son of Stephen): effort against Turks, [107];
- Leontius of Salonica: first Professor of Greek in any Western country, [405]
- Loredano, Admiral (Venetian), [285], [296]
- Louis, King of Hungary, [91], [93]
- Louis of Blois, Count, [4] sq.
- Lycus, valley of the, [239], [283]
- Lydia, sultan of, [100]
- Lyons, Council of (1245), [15];
- the apparent reconciliation of East and West in 1274, [34]
- Lysippus, the bronze horses of, [22]
- Macedonia, kingdom of: included in empire of Theodore Lascaris II., [16]
- Mahmoud, head of Turkish Asiatic troops, [243]
- Mahomet, the Prophet; his promise to captors of New Rome, [230]
- Mahomet I., Sultan (1413–20, son of Suliman): the first of the name in Ottoman dynasty, [113];
- Mahomet II., Sultan (1451, son of Murad II.): his aim from boyhood, to capture Constantinople, [207];
- two sides of his character: student and bloodthirsty tyrant, [207] sqq.;
- his accession, [209];
- puts to death his infant brother, [210];
- his great military skill: relations with his troops, ib.;
- secret preparations for the siege, [211];
- Constantine and other rulers send him conciliating embassies, [211];
- makes a truce with Hunyadi, [213];
- active preparations: Roumelia-Hissar, ib.;
- reply to emperor’s remonstrances, [214];
- the fortress completed: Mahomet declares war, [216];
- capture of ships, [217];
- the sultan’s address to the pachas, ib.;
- he devastates country round the city, [218];
- composition and numbers of his army, [222] sqq.;
- Urban’s great bombard, [231];
- details of Mahomet’s fleet, [232] sqq.;
- army arrives before the walls, [235];
- he makes formal offer of peace: the reply, [236];
- disposition of his forces, [243] sqq.;
- number and disposition of his cannon, [244] sq.;
- size of the guns and of the balls they threw, [245] sq.;
- their great influence on the siege, [252];
- capture of fortresses outside the city, [253]
- Mahomet II.—The Siege: city invested, [254];
- first bombardments and their effects, [255];
- attacks that failed, [256] sq.;
- attempt to capture aid-bearing ships: a failure, [257] sqq.;
- sultan a spectator of the fight, [266];
- Baltoglu degraded, [267];
- attempt to gain possession of Golden Horn: transports vessels overland, [269];
- his reasons for this, [270] sqq.;
- concealment of his design, ib.;
- its success, [276];
- alleged request for peace by Constantine, and sultan’s reply, [277];
- failure of Greek attack on Turkish fleet, [277] sqq.;
- attacks on city walls, [283];
- and on the boom, [287], [290];
- Mahomet’s relations with Genoese, [287] sq., [291], [304];
- his secret and rapid construction of a wooden turret or ‘bastion,’ [292] sqq.;
- lack of success of his attempts at undermining, [295];
- the work done in first six weeks of siege, [298];
- preparations for a general assault, [307];
- effect of cannonading on the walls, [308];
- Justiniani’s stockade, [309];
- relations of the sultan with Hunyadi, [312]
- Mahomet II.—The last days of the Siege: the sultan orders his forces to observe three days of praise to God and one day of fasting, [315];
- he hesitates to attack, ib.;
- alarmed at the strange phenomena of May 22–26, [316];
- employs Ismail of Sinope to offer terms of surrender to Greeks, [317];
- proposal rejected, [318];
- sultan calls council, and decides upon attack, [319];
- personally makes final arrangements, [320];
- proclaims three days of plunder, ib.;
- speech to the pashas, [323];
- disposition of the leaders of divisions, [325];
- the general assault, [335];
- begun by Bashi-Bazouks: their defeat, [335];
- the sultan puts himself at the head of his reserves: the attack by Janissaries, [340];
- their success, [348];
- stockade captured, [349];
- death of Constantine: Mahomet enters the city, [351]
- Mahomet II.—After the Capture: his rage at the escape of many refugees, [370];
- treatment of surrendered Galata, [371] sq.;
- triumphal entry into Constantinople, [372];
- in St. Sophia: makes it a mosque, [373];
- his treatment of eminent captives, [373] sqq.;
- makes the city a desolation, [377];
- attempts to repeople it, [380];
- tries to get Greeks to settle in it, [381];
- placed young Greek nobles in the corps of Janissaries, ib.;
- treatment of surrendered Greek islanders, ib.;
- tolerates Christian worship, [382];
- his intercourse with new patriarch, George Scholarius (Gennadius), [383];
- later attempts at repeopling, [384];
- brings back fugitives, [385];
- subjugates empire of Trebizond, [386]
- Mahomet II.—His Character: he conquered two empires and seven kingdoms, [388];
- his wars were wholly for conquest ib.;
- he improved Turkish fleet, [389];
- reformed the administration, ib.;
- legitimised the slaughter of younger brothers by Ottoman sultans, [390];
- was reckless of human life: examples of his cruelty, [390] sq.;
- yet he was kind to prisoners of war, [392];
- he knew six languages, ib.;
- his studies, ib.;
- drew learned men to his court, [393];
- his religious opinions: he was not a religious fanatic, [394] sqq.;
- the good and the evil in him, [396] sqq.
- Maine, Sir Henry, [186]
- Mango Khan, [54]
- Manuel II. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1391–1425: son of John V.): had been given by his father as hostage to Murad, [104];
- associated with his father in the government, [106];
- had with him, to render military service to the sultan, their suzerain, ib.;
- father and son compelled Philadelphia to surrender to Murad, [107];
- Manuel escapes, as hostage, from Bajazed, and is proclaimed at Constantinople as sole emperor, [109];
- the empire attacked on every side by Turks, ib.;
- Manuel’s arrangement with the pretender, his nephew John, [110];
- Hungarian cooperation with the emperor: their crushing defeat at Nicopolis (1396), ib.;
- help from Venice and the Genoese: small results, [111];
- Manuel’s resultless visit to France and England, [111] sq.;
- Bajazed’s three attempts to capture Constantinople, [112];
- Manuel gave his granddaughter in marriage to Suliman, Bajazed’s successor, ib.;
- friendly relations with Sultan Mahomet I., [113], [151] sq.;
- war with Murad II., ib.;
- his unsuccessful siege of the city (1422), [114], [154];
- death of Manuel, [115], [155]
- Manuscripts and books: huge drafts by Italian scholars upon the stores of, in Constantinople, [406];
- Martin IV., Pope: threatens to depose Michael VIII., [36]
- Matthew Cantacuzenus (son of John), [73] n., [75];
- Maundeville, Sir J., [54], [55] n., [56] n., [65] n., [191]
- Medici, Cosimo de’, [407]
- Mersaite, a Mahdi: at siege of Constantinople (1422), [114]
- Mesoteichion, [236], [240], [349]
- Michael VIII., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1260–61: succeeded John Ducas; was Emperor of the East 1261–82): negotiations of Baldwin with him, [16];
- Michael’s efforts to subdue the Latin Empire, [17];
- alliance with Genoese, ib.;
- details of his capture of Constantinople, [18] sqq.;
- his entry into the city: end of Latin empire, [19];
- difficulties in his new position, [25];
- he was really a usurper: his cruel treatment of the de jure heir, John, son of Theodore Lascaris, [26];
- his excommunication therefor, [27];
- efforts to obtain absolution, [27] sqq.;
- troubles caused by Latin attempts to recover the empire, [29];
- threatening encroachment of Turks, ib.;
- to gain aid from West he seeks reconciliation with Roman Church, [30];
- details of strife about Union of the Churches, [30] sqq.;
- Michael’s endeavours in favour, [33];
- double failure: with popes and with his own people, [36];
- his death, ib.
- Michael IX. (Palaeologus), co-emperor with his father, Andronicus II. (died 1320), [37];
- Military colonies in conquered territories, Turkish system of, [189]
- Miners, Serbian, employed as sappers by Turks, [291]
- Minotto, Venetian bailey, [249];
- Missions, Christian: their great value in Turkey, [424] n.
- Montferrat, Boniface, Marquis of, [1];
- Moscow: destroyed by Tartars (1239), [53]
- Mousa, son of Bajazed, [113];
- Murad (or Amurath) I., Sultan (1359–89, son and successor of Orchan): fanatical persecutor, [103];
- organisation of Janissaries, ib.;
- endeavours to carry out in Europe his father’s policy in Asia Minor, ib.;
- contests with other Turks, and with Hungarians, Serbians, and Bulgarians, [103] sq.;
- John V. formally recognised him as his suzerain, [104];
- defeat of Serbians &c. at Harmanli, [105];
- treatment of his rebel son, Countouz, [106];
- obliges John V. to pay him annual tribute and render military service, ib.;
- Murad’s captures of towns and strongholds, [107];
- the crushing defeat of Serbians &c. at Cossovo-pol, [107] sq.;
- assassination of Murad, [108]
- Murad II., Sultan (1420–51: son of Mahomet I.): relations with Manuel II., [152];
- question of the pretender Mustafa, [152] sq.;
- rebellion in behalf of Murad’s young brother, Mustafa, [154];
- siege of Constantinople (1422): why it was raised, ib.;
- terms of peace (1423), [155];
- triumphal progress of Murad, [156] sqq.;
- sovereigns do homage to him, [156];
- attacks Hungary and Serbia, [157];
- fails in siege of Belgrade, [158];
- refuses to attack Constantinople during John’s absence at Florence, ib.;
- combined Western movement against Murad, [158] sq.;
- Turkish defeats by Hunyadi: Slivnitza, [160];
- Murad sues for peace, [161];
- treaty with King Ladislaus: its terms, ib.;
- soon violated, by Christians, ib.;
- Murad abdicates in favour of his young son, Mahomet, [162];
- resumes his duties to repel army of Ladislaus, [164];
- helped by Genoese to cross Bosporus, ib.;
- battle of Varna, [165] sqq.;
- crushing defeat of Christians, [170];
- Murad ravages Morea, [171];
- attacks the Albanians: is defeated by Iskender Bey, [172];
- Hunyadi again attacks Murad, but is defeated at Cossovo-pol (1448), [174];
- death of Murad (1451), [178];
- character, ib.
- Mustafa, son of Bajazed, [143]
- Mustafa, brother of Murad II.: his revolt and punishment, [114], [115] n., [152], [154]
- Myriandrion, [240], [249], [339]
- Neophytus, a monk: embezzler of public moneys, [242]
- Nicaea: its rulers assumed title of emperor, [58];
- Nicholas IV., Pope: promotes project of marriage of Catherine of Courtenay to the son of Andronicus II., [37]
- Nicholas V., Pope: calls upon Constantine to complete the decreed Union, [202];
- Nicopolis: combined Western armies defeated at (1396), [110], [134];
- details of the battle, [135]
- Notaras, Lucas; made Grand Duke, [155];
- Orchan, Sultan (son and successor of Othman): married a daughter of Cantacuzenus, [72];
- sent an army to assist his father-in-law against partisans of John V., ib.;
- and another to help Matthew Cantacuzenus against Serbians, [73] n.;
- John V. endeavoured to gain his aid, [78];
- capture of Nicaea, [97];
- conciliatory treatment of Christians, [98];
- varied successes and disasters, [98] sq.;
- capture of Ismidt (Nicomedia), [99];
- relations with John V., [101] sq.;
- Orchan’s death (1359): summary of what he had effected, [102];
- he was the maker of the Turkish nation, ib.
- Orchan, son (or grandson) of Suliman: his maintenance at Constantinople, [150], [211] sq., [213];
- Orthogrul. See Ertogrul
- Othman (or Osman), founder of Ottoman dynasty, [60];
- Ottoman Turks, [54];
- Ottoman coins, the first, [98]
- Overland transport of Mahomet II.’s ships, [269], [272];
- similar feats performed before, 272 and n.;
- the plan and execution kept secret, ib.;
- attention diverted from it, [273] sq.;
- precautions against opposition, [274];
- the number of vessels, [275];
- method of transport, ib.;
- distance traversed, [276];
- size of the vessels, [276] n.;
- discussion of question of the route adopted, [443] sqq.
- Oxford: Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at (temp. Henry VII.), [410];
- the opponents to this novelty called themselves ‘Trojans,’ ib.
- Pammacaristos, monastery, [152]
- Parandaria, description of, [235]
- Parateichion, the, [239]
- Pera (modern name Stavrodromion), [273]
- Peribolos, [114], [238]
- Peter of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1217–19: successor of Henry), [8] sq.
- Petrarch: promoted study of Greek, [404]
- Petroboles: Greek name for cannon, [293]
- Philadelphia: surrendered to Turks (1379), [107]
- Philelphus: wide range of his scholarship, [407] sq.
- Philip Augustus, King (France), [11]
- Philotheus, patriarch, [78]
- Photius, patriarch (877–85): disappearance of two thirds of works enumerated in ‘Myriobiblion,’ [401]
- Phrantzes: Mahomet II.’s treatment of him and his family, [374]
- Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius: statement that Eugenius IV. justified violation of treaty of Szegedin, [163] n.;
- Plague, the, [125], [189]
- Plato: study of, in Constantinople, [196]
- Plethon, George Gemistos, [196];
- Podestà, the, of Galata, [271], [304];
- his account of surrender of Galata, [371]
- Poland: attacked by Tartars, [53]
- Pomaks (Bulgarians who have accepted Islam), [58] n.
- Porphyrogenitus, palace, [73], [243], [290]
- Prester (or Presbyter) John, [55]
- Prinkipo, island of, [77];
- treatment of its defenders by Baltoglu, [253]
- Printing with moveable types: Greek scholars scorned printed Greek books, [408]
- Purgatory and intermediate state of souls: the question treated at Council of Florence, [126]
- Pusculus: his account of the siege of Constantinople, in Latin verse, xii
- Ramazan, observance of, [315]
- Rangebè, Greek general: encounter with standard-bearer of Mahomet II., [289]
- Red Horse-tail surmounted by Golden Crescent (Timour’s standard), [143]
- Relics in Constantinople: sold by Latins to raise money, [12], [14]
- Religion: the influence of, on Greeks and Moslems respectively, [447] sqq.
- Renaissance, the: its rise and effects, [129];
- benefits it derived from dispersal of Greek scholars from Constantinople, [403];
- learned Easterns taught Greek in Italy, [404] sq.;
- enthusiasm in Italy for the study, [405];
- increase in reproduction of manuscripts, [408];
- scholars’ objection to printed Greek books, ib.;
- increased number of fugitive scholars after 1453, ib.;
- the Renaissance movement carried to unjustifiable extremes, [409];
- zeal for Greek died out in Italy, but spread in Germany, [410]
- Robert of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1219–28: successor of Peter), [9], [14]
- Rocafert, [47] sq.
- Roger de Flor (otherwise Robert Blum): his varied life, [42];
- to avoid personal troubles in West, he took service under Andronicus II., ib.;
- his 8,000 followers: known as the Catalan Grand Company, [42] sq.;
- made Grand Duke by the emperor, [43];
- as terrible to Christians as to Moslems, ib.;
- examples of their methods and outrages, [43] sq.;
- he desired to carve out a kingdom for himself, [44];
- treatment of the emperor, [45];
- suspected ill intentions towards Greeks, ib.;
- assassinated by a leader of the Alans, [46];
- Catalans’ revenge and the retaliation, ib.;
- further outrages by Catalans, [46] sq.;
- at open war with Greeks, ib.;
- emperor’s vain endeavours to buy them off, [47];
- dissensions in the Company, [48];
- its end, [49]
- Romanus Gate: discussion of view that it was the chief place of final assault on the city, [429] sqq.
- ‘Roum,’ Turkish form of ‘Rome,’ [53] n.
- Roumelia-Hissar, [164] n.;
- Russia: Tartars long firmly established in, [53], [64]
- Sacred Mouth, The (entrance to Black Sea), [164]
- St. Demetrius, Tower of (‘Megademetrius’), [250];
- its position, [260] n.
- St. Louis of France, [11] sq., [16], [31] sq.
- St. Mark (Venice), treasures of: many came from Constantinople, [123]
- St. Sophia. See Hagia Sophia
- St. Theodore, Hill of, [273]
- St. Theodosia, church of: a congregation there, mostly women, the first victims after capture of city, [361]
- Salonica, kingdom of, [4] sq., [8];
- city captured by Murad II., [156] sq.
- Saracens, [23], [53] sqq., [69], [90] sqq.
- Saraja Pasha, [325]
- Savoy, Anne of, wife of Andronicus III., [70];
- her efforts towards union of the Churches, [89]
- Scanderbeg. See Iskender
- Schildberger, a Belgian present at battles of Nicopolis and Angora, [145] n.
- Scholarius, George, [126] sq.;
- Sea-fight of April 20, 1453: where it took place, [436] sqq.
- Seljukian Turks, [2], [6];
- their sultan called himself ‘Sultan of Roum,’ [53]
- Selymbria (modern Silivria): captured (1260) by Strategopulus, [17]
- Seraglio Point, [238], [244], [359]
- Serbians, [25];
- Shishman, king of Bulgaria, [134]
- Sicilian Vespers (1282), [36], [41]
- Sigismund, Emperor, [121]
- Sigismund, King (Hungary): defeated by Murad II., [157];
- Silivria. See Selymbria
- Slaves: captured Christians sold as, [78]
- Slivnitza, battle of (1443): Turks completely defeated by Hunyadi, [161]
- Smyrna: captured by Timour, [146]
- Sobieski, John: relief of Vienna, [416]
- ‘Soldiers’: meaning of the term in the Crusades, [11] n.
- Sphendone of the Hippodrome, the, [260]
- Stamboul: derivation of name, [237] n.
- Stephen, kral of Serbia: his advance against the empire, [72];
- took title of Emperor of Serbia and Romania, [101]
- Stockade, Justiniani’s, [255]
- Strategopulus, Emperor Michael’s general, [17];
- his capture of Constantinople, [18] sq.
- Studium, fortress of, [253]
- Sublime Porte, The (or ‘The Lofty Gate’): meaning of the term, [58]
- Subutai, Tartar leader in Russia, [53]
- Suliman, Sultan (Bajazed’s successor, 1402–09): married Manuel’s granddaughter, [112];
- Suliman, son of Orchan, [101];
- defeat of Tartars in Asia Minor, ib.;
- capture of Angora, [102]
- Supernatural omens: discussion of the strange phenomena at Constantinople (May 22–26, 1453), [296] sqq.;
- Supremacy, papal: not publicly discussed at Council of Florence, [126]
- Sventigrad, siege of, [202]
- Szegedin, treaty of (1444), [161];
- results of its speedy violation, [161] sqq.
- Tana, the great caravan route from, [23]
- Tarentum, Philip of, son-in-law of Charles of Valois, [39];
- failure of his designs against Constantinople, [40]
- Tartars, the, [31], [36], (the form ‘Tatars’ is incorrect) [52] and n., [53] sq., (a great number in Thrace in 1324) [64], [73] n., [99] sq.;
- Teleboles, Greek name for cannon, [293]
- Tetaldi, a Florentine soldier: his ‘Informacion,’ xii;
- a defender in the siege, [311]
- Teucri: Turks called so by some Latin writers, [394] n., [410]
- Theodore, Greek despot of Epirus, [8];
- proclaimed emperor at Salonica (1222), [9]
- Theodosian walls (Constantinople), [238], [240]
- Theophilus Palaeologus, [350]
- Therapia, fortress of, [253]
- Thessalonica, kingdom of, [40]
- Thomas, brother of Constantine Dragases, [201]
- Time, Eastern mode of reckoning, [351] n.
- Timour, ruler of Tartars on Volga, [63]
- Timour (or Tamerlane: Timour the Lame), [55];
- his summons to Bajazed, [112];
- his origin and character, [139];
- enormous host of followers, ib.;
- his career of conquest and barbarism, [139] sq.;
- in Egypt, [140];
- kept from Jerusalem by a plague of locusts, ib.;
- carnage attending his captures, [141];
- requests aid from West to crush the Turkish sultan (Bajazed), ib.;
- battle of Angora (1402): Bajazed defeated and taken prisoner, [143] sq.;
- Timour’s progress in conquest, [145];
- horrible cruelties, [147];
- his death, ib.;
- results of battle of Angora, [147]
- Trajan, Gate of (Slivnitza), [160]
- Trebizond: its rulers assumed title of emperor, [5];
- the empire put an end to (1461) by Mahomet II., [387];
- summary of its history, ib.
- Trevisano, Gabriel: leading Venetian commander at the great siege, [220] sq.;
- Triremes, description of, [234]
- Turkish mercenaries among defenders in the great siege, [250]
- Turks, the—Before 1326: Turkish auxiliaries in Greek army, and in Rocafert’s Catalan band [47] sq.;
- their invasion of Europe, [53];
- origin and characteristics of the first hordes, [54] sqq.;
- how they became Mahometans, [56];
- relations with Greek Christians in 1267, ib.;
- permanent characteristics of Turkish race, [57] sq.;
- domestic life, [59];
- a constant stream of immigrants from Central Asia westward, ib.;
- their conquests were followed by settlement, but their nomadic character has remained, [60];
- their early chiefs, ib.;
- first attacks upon Greek empire, [61];
- entry into Europe (1306–07), [62];
- progress in Asia Minor, ib.;
- other Turkish invaders attack Russia, Poland, and Hungary, [63];
- capture of Brousa (1326), [64];
- their advance and successes under Orchan and his immediate successors, [98] sqq., [103] sqq., [107] sqq.
- Turks, the—After Timour: speedy recovery of their influence and territory after Timour’s death, [114], [155];
- their marvellous success over armies of Central Europe, [130];
- their prowess and methods in battle, [135];
- in 1402 they had possession of all outside the walls of Constantinople, [137];
- deterioration of their armies under Bajazed, [147];
- enter Bosnia (1415), [151];
- their increased numbers in Europe, [155];
- system of establishing military colonies in conquered territories, [189]
- Turks, the—At the Siege: details of their forces, [222] sqq.;
- marvellous discipline and mobility of troops, [229];
- their methods of fighting, [230];
- Europeans among them, [231];
- constitution of Mahomet II.’s fleet, [232] sq.;
- number and size of its vessels, [233] n.;
- disposition of besiegers’ army, [243];
- duties of the fleet, [244];
- the batteries of cannon, [244] sq.;
- arms and equipment of the men, [251];
- their skill in use of cannon, [252];
- a naval battle, [257] sqq.;
- tactics and manner of fighting [262], [269];
- Turks murder captives, [283];
- failure of attempts at undermining walls, [291], [295];
- results of six weeks of siege, [298];
- ardour for final assault, [321];
- their fusiliers, [325];
- failure of first attacks, [335] sq.;
- the great assault by Janissaries, [340] sqq.;
- Turks enter the city through a neglected postern, [342];
- final charge, [348];
- the city captured, [350];
- failure of fleet’s operations, [359]
- Turks, the—After the Capture: Turks’ treatment of the people, [361];
- a morning’s massacre, [362];
- plunder organised: atrocities of looters, [364] sqq.;
- innumerable books destroyed or sold, in mockery, for pence or even farthings, [367];
- not a few Christian renegades among the Turks, [368];
- their military reputation enormously increased by the capture, [415];
- extension of their power by sea and land, [416];
- their piracy and slave trade, ib.;
- utter degradation of Constantinople, [417];
- treatment of Christians as mere chattels, ib.;
- impoverishment due to Turks’ contempt for industry and commerce, [418];
- injury they did to religion and learning, [420];
- Turks’ treatment of women and marriage, [422] n.;
- Turkish misrule, [424];
- the conquest had little effect on mass of Turkish population, [425];
- their religious intolerance only virulent at intervals, ib.;
- only in the art of war have Turks benefited by their neighbours’ example, [426];
- present conditions of Christian nations in the vicinity of Turkey, [427]
- Uglisha, son of Kral Stephen, [105]
- Union of Orthodox and Roman Churches: details of the strife over, [31] sqq.;
- the question revived by Andronicus III., [69] sq.;
- Cantacuzenus, [75], [81] sq.;
- Anne of Savoy and John V., [89], [91];
- Western misconceptions about Orthodox Church, [116];
- statement of position of Easterns, [166] sqq.;
- Cæsaro-papism, [117];
- the position of the popes and the Westerns, [118] sq.;
- the great effort at Reunion (1429): details of its progress, [120] sqq.;
- decree signed at Council of Florence (1439), [127];
- disillusionment of Greeks, ib.;
- variations in copies of Decree of Union, [128] and n.;
- its formal completion demanded by Nicholas V. as condition of aid given to Constantine XI., [202];
- the Reconciliation service in Hagia Sophia (Dec. 1452), [203] sq.;
- dissensions that followed, [204], [300];
- the reconciliation was a sham, [205]
- Unleavened bread (in the Mass): violent controversy about, at Council of Florence, [126]
- Urban, Hungarian cannon-founder: made a monster bombard or gun for the great siege, [231];
- Urban IV., Pope: proclaimed (1262) a Crusade against Michael VIII. and against his allies the Genoese, [31];
- diverted the expedition to Palestine, against Tartars, ib.
- Urban V., Pope: Crusade against Saracens (1366), [91];
- efforts for Union, [91] sq.
- ‘Valley of the Springs,’ the (now Cassim Pasha), [272]
- Valois, Charles of; object of his marriage with Catherine of Courtenay, [38];
- treaty with Venetians for conquest of Constantinople, ib.;
- the design abandoned, [39]
- Varna, battle of, [165] sqq.
- Vataces, John Ducas (1222–54), successor of Theodore Lascaris at Nicaea: his successful rule, [9], [14];
- restricted boundaries of the Latin territory, ib.;
- in alliance with Bulgarians, attacks Constantinople, [13];
- gets possession of Salonica, ib.
- Veccus, patriarch, [33], [37]
- Vefa Meidan: the pretended burial-place of Constantine at, [355] n.
- Venetians: their share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), [2];
- save Constantinople from attack of Vataces, [13];
- commerce of the city in their hands, [14];
- relations with Michael VIII., [32];
- treaty of alliance against Constantinople (1306) with Charles of Valois, [39];
- later made a truce with Andronicus II., [40];
- rivalry with Genoese in the Greek empire, [76];
- a battle between them in the Bosporus, [77];
- Venetian and Genoese fleets co-operate against Bajazed, [111];
- the nations again at war with each other, [112];
- Venetians made peace with Murad II., [157];
- preparations against the great siege, [220];
- their nobles took part in the defence, [221];
- Venetians and Genoese associated in it, [247] sq.;
- Venetians quarrel during siege with Genoese, [288];
- both peoples alike were looked upon by Greeks as interlopers in Constantinople, [301];
- escape of some Venetians from the captured city, [369]
- Volunteers (Θεληματάριοι), Greek settlers in country behind Constantinople, [18]
- Wallachs, [149];
- treachery at Cossovo-pol, [174]
- Walls of Constantinople, 238–42
- Weapons and implements of warfare: various names for, [251], [269]
- Western attempts against Turks: reasons for failure, [175];
- Woolwich Artillery Museum: a great Turkish cannon there, [232] n.
- Ximenes, Fernand: head of a body of mercenaries in connection with Roger de Flor, [43], [48]
- Zacharia, A. J., Podestà of Galata: his account of the surrender of the town, [371]
- Zagan Pasha, [243], [271], [291] sqq., [319], [325], [359]
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