The Northmen in Britain

by Eleanor Hull

[49] Freeman considers that some of the details of the battle of Stamford Bridge, as given in the Norse story, belong rightly to the battle of Hastings.

Index

• Adils, E., [70], [71–74]
• Ælla, King of Northumbria, [14], [18], [19], [20], [21] and n., [26]
• Alfgeir, Earl, [65], [70–72]
• Alfred the Great, [14], [22–35], [37], [52], [56], [136];
• his studies, [23], [24], [34];
• his laws and navy, [32–33];
• his “Manual,” [24];
• his liberality, [33].
• His “Life” (see [Asser])
• Alfred “the Ætheling,” [185], [211–212], [217], [222]
• Alfvine, a champion, [93–94]
• Amazons, [17]
• Anglesea Sound, B. of, [237–238] (see [Mona])
• Anses, the, [21]
• Antrim, [119]
• Ardee, B. of, [120]
• Armagh, [45–46], [118]
• Armour, [130], [152], [240]
• Ashdune, B. of, [27–28], [29]
• Aslang, w. of Raynar Lodbrog, [21] and n.
• Asser, [23], [28], [31], [34];
• his “Life of Alfred,” [23], [24]
• Astrid, m. of Olaf Trygveson, [91], [92]
• Athelney, Isle of, [30], [32]
• Athelstan the Great, King of England, [46], [54], [56–77], [78–81], [84], [179]
• Aud (O. U. Audr), [47] (and see [Unn])
• Augvaldness, B. of, [87]
• Baltic, [92], [103]
• Baptism, Christian, [81], [84], [114–115], [148];
• Baptism, Pagan, [78–79] and n.;
• [91]1 (and see “[Prime-signing]”)
• Bath, [184]
• Bedford, [53]
• Bergen, [89]
• Bergthora, w. of Nial, [157], [162], [168], [170], [172–73], [175]
• Bergthors-knoll, [166]
• Berkshire, E. of, [27]
• “Berserkin fury,” [72] and n.
• Bertric, King of Wessex, [12]
• Biorn, “the Eastman,” [6], [47–49], [50]
• Blacaire, Danish, Lord of Dublin, [120]
• “Bondes” or landowners, [88], [97], [98], [208], [242]
• “Book of Settlements,” [37]
• Brian Boru, King of Munster and Ireland, [135–142], [145], [148–152];
• his hardships, [136];
• King of Munster, [138];
• his beneficent reign, [139];
• his death at B. of Clontarf, [149–152]
• Britain, [6], [16]
• Brodir, a Viking, [146–147], [151–152]
• “Broad-cloth” Cruise, [245]
• Brunanburh, or Brumby, B. of, [60–77], [135]
• Burhred, King of Mercia, [22], [26], [29]
• Burial (in mounds), [41], [82], [89], [109];
• (ship-burials), [51], [90]
• Bury St Edmunds, in Suffolk, [198]
• Caithness, [5], [48], [108], [154], [158]
• Callaghan, King of Munster, [117], [119]
• Canterbury, [25], [183], [189]
• Cantyre, [238]
• Canute, or Knut, “the Great” (King of England and Denmark), [6], [32], [55], [179], [180], [185], [186], [191–210], [214–217], [218], [227]
• Carlingford Lough, [118]
• Christianity, [12], [66], [114–115], [146];
• forced upon Norway, [85–87], [100]
• Chronicles—
• English Ch., [35] n., [60–61], [180], [192], [212];
• Ethelwerd’s Ch., [13] n.;
• William of Malmesbury’s Ch., [30], [34], [54], [57], [59], [61];
• Asser’s “Life of Alfred the Great,” [23], [24]
• Clonmacnois, [45]
• Clontarf, B. of, [114], [116], [135], [148–156]
• Conang, nephew of King Brian, [141]
• Connaught, [119], [135]
• Constantine, King of the Scots, [59], [60]
• Cornwall, [57–58]
• Cumberland, [57]
• Dane’s, first arrival of, [11–13];
• Conquests and Settlements, [5], [22], [25–27], [29], [46], [60–61], [111], [135], [179], [182], [184], [186], [187], [217–218];
• called “Dark Foreigners,” [47]
• Danegeld, [179–180], [152], [225]
• Danish Kings, [6], [31], [179], [180], [186], [191], [198–199], [208], [209], [211–213], [217], [218], [219], [235]
• Danish Kings of Dublin and Northumbria, [6], [14], [29], [46–47], [58–59], [93], [118–119]
• Death-Song (of Raynor Lodbrog), [20], [21]
• Denmark, [31], [39], [40], [87], [123], [179], [191], [203], [209], [212], [213], [216], [217], [218], [219], [220]
• Derby, [53]
• Devon, [22], [30]
• Donagh, King of Ireland, [118], [120]
• Donovan, Munster Chief, [137]
• Dorchester, [13]
• Downpatrick, [242]
• Dublin, [19], [46], [96], [116], [117], [118], [142], [145], [148], [239], [245–47]
• East Anglia, [22], [27], [32], [38], [183], [189], [193], [194]
• Eddington, B. of, [31]
• Edgar, King of England, [179];
• laws of, [198]
• Editha, w. of Edward the Confessor, [223], [224]
• Edmund “the Martyr,” King of E. Anglia, [185], [198]
• Edmund, b. of Athelstan, King of England, [61], [170]
• Edmund “Ironside,” [194], [225]
• Edric, Lord, of Mercia, [183], [194]
• Edward the Ætheling, [225]
• Edward “the Confessor,” King of England, [185], [212], [217], [219], [221–225], [226–227]
• Edward “the Elder,” [33], [38], [52–54]
• Edwy, King of England, [179]
• Edwy, s. of Ethelred the Unready, [195]
• Egil, s. of Skalligrim, [63], [65–66], [71–77]
• Egil’s Saga, [6], [60], [63–65]
• Einar (called “Torf-Einar,”) E. of Orkney, [111–113];
• his son, [114]
• Einar Tambaskelfer, [106], [107]
• Eirik, King of Sweden, [39], [40]
• Eirik Hakonson, Earl, [102–107], [181], [186], [193], [194] and n. (and see [Eric])
• Eithne or Audua, m. of E. Sigard, [114]
• Ely, [211]
• Emma, Queen of Ethelred II. and of Canute, [35], [182], [184–185], [195], [199], [211–212], [213–214], [221]
• Englefield Green, B. of, [27]
• English Channel, [5], [187], [194]
• “Enhazelling,” a battle-field, [67], [69]
• Erling Skialgson, [102]
• Eric, or Eirik, “Bloodaxe,” King of Norway, [82], [84], [85], [113];
• King of Northumbria, [84];
• his sons, [82], [87–90], [113]
• Essex, [189]
• Ethelbald, King, [26]
• Ethelbert, King, [26]
• Ethelfled, “the Lady of the Mercians,” [52–53], [56]
• Ethelred I., King of Wessex, [14], [26], [27–28], [29]
• Ethelred II., “the Unready,” [35], [179–189], [219], [221];
• his sons, [195–196], [211], [212]
• Ethelred, Prince of Mercia, [53]
• Ethelwulf, King, [25], [26]
• Eyvind, [88–89]
• Eyvind, a Norwegian lord, [240–241]
• Faröe Isles, [36], [42], [48–49]
• Feudal System (in Norway), [42]
• Fife, [5]
• Fin-Barre, St, Gospel of, [137–138]
• Fingall, [11]
• Flanders, [65], [212] and n., [223], [224], [227]
• Flosi, an Icelander, [166], [170–174]
• Fosterage, [80–81], [128], [132–134], [157], [159]
• France, [18], [35], [52], [72], [92], [218]
• Freeman, “Norman Conquest,” [185] n., [190] n., [236] n.
• Gall-Gael, [12]
• Galloway, [5]
• Gaul, [23]
• Germany, [18]
• Gilli, the Russian, [123] and n., [125]
• Glen of the Gap, B. of, [138], [141]
• Gloucester, [53]
• Godfrey, Danish King of Dublin, [59–60], [118]
• Godred, King of Man, [158]
• Godwin, Earl, [211], [221–225];
• sons of, [221], [223], [226]
• Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, [11], [39], [40], [179], [200]
• Gorm, or Guthrum, “the Englishman,” [31], [32], [35];
• baptismal name, Athelstan, [32];
• King of Denmark, [31], [32];
• King of East Anglia, [32]
• Gormliath, or Kormlod, [139], [140], [142–143], [145–146], [148–149]
• Grani, Gunnar’s son, [166], [170–171]
• Greenwich, [185]
• Grim, s. of Nial, [157], [158], [161], [163], [173]
• Gudrek, Earl, [65]
• Gunhild, w. of Eric “Bloodaxe,” [82]
• Gunnar, Lambi’s son, [144–145], [157], [166], [170]
• Gyda, w. of Harald Fairhair, [40]
• Gyda, sister of Olaf Cuaran, [93–94]
• Hakon the Old, King of Sweden, [92]
• Hakon “the Good,” King of Norway, [54], [57], [79–90], [122–123], [179];
• fostered by Athelstan, [80–81];
• returns to Norway, [83–84];
• forces the people to become Christians, [85–86], [100];
• “Hakon’s Hill,” [89–90]
• Hakon, Earl, Governor of Norway, [95–99];
• slain, [99], [193]
• Hakon, Earl, Eirik’s son, [193], [196], [197], [200], [208], [216]
• Halfdan, “Long-legs,” s. of Harald Fairhair, [112–113]
• Halfdan the Black, King of Norway, [39]
• Halfdene, s. of Raynar Lodbrog, [29]
• Halfred, Norse poet, [107]
• Hallad, s. of Ragnvald, [109–110]
• Hame, f. of Ælla, [14] n., [18]
• Hampshire, or Hants, [22], [30]
• Harald, King of England, s. of Canute, [195], [209], [211–212], [217]
• Harald “Blue-tooth,” s. of Gorm “the Old,” [179], [180]
• Harald Fairhair, King of Norway, [11], [36–44], [47], [52], [57], [78–81], [82], [83], [84], [96], [99], [113];
• his policy, [5], [37], [39], [40], [42];
• his sons, [112–113]
• Harald Sigurdson, “Hardrada,” King of Norway, [228–236], [237]
• “Harald Hardrada’s Stave,” [230]
• Harald, E. of Orkney, [245]
• Hardacanute, King of Denmark and England, [179], [195], [208], [209], [212–218], [221], [222]
• Harek of Throtta, [205–206]
• Harold, s. of Godwin, King of England, [211], [223], [224], [225], [226–236]
• Hastings, or Senlac, B. of, [235], [236] n.
• Hauk “Haabrok,” [80–81]
• Hebrides, or Sudreys, [5], [18], [37], [42], [43], [48], [52], [55], [110], [113], [119], [237], [238], [244]
• Helga River, B. of, [204–205], [215]
• Helgi, s. of “Ketill Flatnose,” [47], [50]
• Helgi, s. of Nial, [157], [158], [163], [169–172]
• Hellespont, [19]
• “Heptarchy,” [38]
• Hereford, [53]
• Herlang, King, [41]
• Hlodver, Earl of Orkney, [114]
• Hlodver, Sigurd’s son, “Whelp,” [115]
• Hogmanay night, [86]
• Hoskuld, f. of Olaf the Peacock, [51], [122]
• Hoskuld, foster son of Nial, [157], [159–165]
• Howel, King of Wales, [59]
• Humber, River, [14], [60]
• Hungary, King of, [225]
• Hrafn, the “Limerick trader,” [37]
• Hrafn, “the Red,” [153]
• Hrane, [196–197]
• Hring, Earl, [71–73]
• Hrollaug, King, [41]
• Hrollaug, s. of Ragnvald, [111]
• Iceland, [5], [6], [37], [42], [47], [49–50], [63], [66], [114], [121], [122], [144], [154], [157]
• Inti. Gall (see [Hebrides])
• Iona, [12]
• Ireland, [5], [6], [11], [16], [19], [20], [37], [38], [42], [45–47], [53], [114], [116], [117], [145], [146], [223], [244]
• Irish hermits, [12]
• Ivar the Boneless, s. of Ragnar Lodbrog, [11] n., [16], [17], [18], [29], [30];
• called Ivar Vidfadme, [11]
• Ivar, Prince of Limerick, [137]
• Jorunn, w. of Hoskuld, [123], [125–126]
• Jutland, [16], [18]
• Kari, Solmund’s son, [145], [158], [161–164], [168], [170], [174]
• Kark, a slave, [98–99]
• Kennedy, f. of King Brian, [136]
• Kent, [13], [25], [26], [223]
• Ketill “Flatnose,” [47–48]
• Killaloe, [141]
• Kincora, Palace of, [136], [140–142]
• Kingston-on-Thames, [57]
• Kjartan, s. of Olaf “Pa,” [134]
• Law-courts in Iceland, [157–160]
• Laxdæla Saga, [121], [122]
• Lay of the Darts (“Darradar-Liod”), [155–156]
• Leicester, [53]
• Leinster, [119], [138–139], [142];
• Melmora, king of, [139–141];
• palace of, [138]
• Liffey, River, [148]
• Limerick, [37], [46], [137]
• Lincolnshire, [22]
• London, [25], [32], [80], [180], [183], [185], [187], [193], [217]
• London Bridge, B. of, [188–190]
• Maelbride (Melbrik), King of Dublin, [19]
• Magna Charta, [198–199] and n.
• Magnus the Good, s. of St Olaf, King of Norway, [219–220], [223]
• Magnus the Good’s Saga, [220]
• Magnus “Barelegs,” King of Norway, [237–243];
• ballad of, [243]
• Magnus, St, E. of Orkney, [237–238]
• Mahon, f. of King Brian, [136–138]
• Man, Isle of, [5], [20], [135], [142], [145], [158]
• Melaughlan, King of Ireland, [139]
• Melbrigd “the Toothy,” [108–109]
• Melkorka, m. of Olaf “Pa,” [122], [126–128], [131–134]
• Melmora, King of Leinster, [139–142]
• Mercia, [22], [26], [52–53], [183], [193], [194]
• Molloy, Munster chief, [137–138]
• Mona, or Anglesea, [20], [237–238]
• Morcar, Earl, [229], [230]
• Mord, s. of Valgard, [160–164]
• Morrogh, s. of King Brian, [139], [141], [150–151]
• Munster, [119], [135], [139];
• Callaghan, king of, [117], [119];
• Brian, king of, [135], [138];
• men of, [148], [151];
• standard of, [150]
• Murtough, King of Connaught, [238–239]
• Murtough “of the Leather Cloaks,” [117–121];
• or Myrkjartan, [127], [130–133], [134]
• Myrkjartan (see [Murtough])
• Nial, [144], [157–175]
• Nial’s Saga (Njala), [157]
• Niall “Glundubh,” or “Black-knee,” King of Ireland, [117]
• Nidaros (Throndhjem, or Drontheim), [228], [235] and n., [242]
• Normandy, [35], [109–110], [185], [189], [211], [218], [225], [229], [235];
• Dukedom of, [6], [35], [109–110], [182], [218]
• Norsemen—
• Direction of their conquests, [5], [12], [45–46], [135], [138], [148–149], [154];
• called “Fair Foreigners,” [47]
• Northampton, [53]
• Northmen (see also [Norsemen]), [11], [12], [13], [14], [46–47], [118], [120], [138], [142]
• Northumbria, [5], [12], [13], [18], [19], [22] and n., [26], [29], [38], [52], [61], [193], [224], [227], [233];
• Danish kingdom of, [6], [46–47], [54], [58–59], [78], [84], [113], [118], [194], [196]
• Norway, [36], [42], [43], [55], [66], [78], [100], [113], [114], [123], [158], [179], [187], [191], [196], [199], [203], [209], [215], [216], [218], [219], [227], [237]
• Ockley, or Aclea, B. of, [25]
• Olaf Cuaran “o’ the Sandal,” Danish King of Dublin, [46], [58–75], [96];
• called Olaf “the Red,” [65]
• Olaf “Feilan,” [49–51]
• Olaf “Pa,” or “the Peacock,” [51], [121], [126–134]
• Olaf “the White,” King of Dublin, [47–48], [108]
• Olaf Trygveson, King of Norway, [54], [91–107], [114–116], [179], [180], [181], [186], [193];
• called Ole, [92–93], [95–96];
• becomes King, [98–99];
• his Irish hound, [94–95];
• his war-vessels, [95], [101–107];
• he disappears, [107]
• Olaf “the Thick,” King of Norway (called “St Olaf”), [183], [186–190], [195–197], [199–209], [216], [228]
• Olaf, King of Sweden, [101], [102], [105], [181], [193], [201], [203–205]
• Olaf “Kyrre,” s. of Harald Hardrada, [229], [235], [237]
• O’Neills, Prince of, [117]
• Orkney Isles, [5], [18], [36], [37], [42], [43], [48], [52], [108], [109], [110], [113–115], [117], [135], [142], [229], [235], [237], [238], [242], [247];
• Earldom of, [6], [43], [111]
• Osbert, King of Northumbria, [13], [14]
• Ospac, a Viking, [146–148]
• Otto, Emperor, [58], [78]
• Ouse, River, [229]
• Oxford, [184]
• Pagan army, [14], [26];
• religion, [45], [66], [78], [85–87], [101], [146–147], [159]
• Paris, [35]
• Patrick, St, [45]
• Paul and Erlend, Earls of Orkney, [229], [231], [235], [237]
• Pentland Firth, [114]
• Pevensey, [235]
• Pictland, [18]
• Poets (called “bards” or “skalds”), [107], [135], [190], [202–203]
• Portents, [147], [151], [154–156], [166–167], [168], [228]
• Priesthood in Norway, [86], [159]
• “Prime-signing,” [66]
• Radbard, s. of Ragnar Lodbrog, [18]
• Ragnar Lodbrog, [5], [11] n., [15], [113];
• origin of his sobriquet, [15], [16];
• his kingdom in Britain, [18];
• his death, [19], [20];
• his death-song, [21];
• sons of, [14], [26], [29], [31], [37]
• Ragnhild, m. of Harald Fairhair, [39]
• Ragnvald, E. of More, [43–44], [108–111]
• “Raven Banner,” [30], [114], [152–154]
• Reading, [27]
• Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, [35], [182]
• Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy, [184–185], [195]
• Rolf, or Rollo “the Ganger,” [35], [52], [109–110], [218]
• Rome, [29], [192]
• Ross, [48], [108]
• Russia, [92], [96], [209]
• Russian slaves, [92], [123–124]
• Sacrifices, Pagan, [85], [86–87], [113] and n., [159]
• Sagas—
• Egils, [6], [60], [63–65];
• Ynglinga, [11];
• Laxdæla, [47], [121], [122]
• Sandwich, [183], [184], [223]
• Saxo “Grammaticus,” [14] n., [16] n.
• Saxon Pilgrims in Rome, [29];
• Saxon Sword, [56];
• Saxon Poetry, [34]
• Saxony, [18]
• Scandinavia, [6], [183]
• Scarborough, [229]
• Scilly Isles, [92]
• Scotland, [18], [20], [37], [43], [48–49], [52], [55], [60], [108], [135], [194], [238];
• Scottish warriors, [74]
• “Second Sight,” belief in, [157], [167]
• Shannon, River, [136]
• Shetland Isles, [5], [36], [42], [43], [108], [111], [114]
• “Shield-burgh” of soldiers, [71]
• Ships of War, called “Dragon-ships,” [95], [101–107], [111], [196], [201], [203–206];
• iron-plated, [103];
• lashed together, [104];
• prepared for war, [129–130];
• as gifts, [57];
• (and see “Boats”)
• Sigrid “the Haughty” (w. of Sweyn), [101], [181]
• Sigurd “the Mighty,” Earl of Orkney, [43], [108–109]
• Sigurd “the Stout,” Earl of Orkney, [113], [114–116], [144–146], [152–154], [157], [158]
• Sigurd, s. of Magnus “Barefoot,” [242]
• Sigurd, Earl of Lade, [78–79], [83], [86–87]
• Sigvalde, Earl, [101], [102], [103]
• Sigvat (Norse poet), [189–190] and n., [202–203]
• Silver, chests of, [76–77]
• Sitric, Danish lord of Dublin, [119]
• Sitric “Gale,” King of Northumbria, [58–59], [60], [78], [118]
• Sitric “Silken beard,” Danish King of Dublin, [139] and n., [140], [142–143], [144–146], [148–149]
• Siward or Sigurd, “Snake eye,” [17], [18]
• Skalligrim, f. of Egil, [63–64]
• Skarphedinn, s. of Nial, [157], [161–164], [167–175]
• Slavery, [92], [121], [122], [123–126]
• Somerset, [23], [30]
• Southampton, [180]
• Southwark, [188–189], [223]
• Stafford, [53]
• Stamford Bridge, B. of, [230–236] and n.
• Stiklestad, B. of, [209], [216], [236]
• Stord, B. of, [90]
• St Brice’s Day, Massacre of, [182–183]
• Strathclyde, [52], [61]
• Sudreys, [43] and n., and see [Hebrides]
• Surrey, [25], [26]
• Sussex, [22], [23], [26]
• Svold, B. of, [102–105], [181], [186], [193]
• Sweyn “Forkbeard,” King of Denmark and England, [55], [101], [179–185], [187], [191], [192], [193], [209]
• Sweyn, or Svein, n. of Canute, King of Denmark, [213–214], [227];
• Sweyn, s. of Canute, [216]
• Sweyn, Godwin’s son, [223]
• Sweyn, Asleif’s son, [244–248]
• Sweden, [18], [39], [40], [123], [199], [213], [215]
• (and see [Olaf, King of Sweden])
• Swedes, King of, [15], [101–102]
• Tadhg “of the Towers,” King of Connaught, [119]
• Tamworth, [53], [59]
• Temple pillars, [47–48]
• Thorstein, “the Red,” [48–49], [108]
• Thorstein, s. of Hall “o’ the Side,” [153–154]
• Thames, River, [25], [27], [188–189], [194], [217]
• “Thing” and “Thing-mote,” [46], [83], [86] and n., [93], [99], [208], [231]
• Thing-men or Soldiers, [189]
• Thora, Ragnar’s wife, [17]
• Thora, m. of Hakon “the Good,” [78]
• Thord, Kari’s son, [172–173], [175]
• Thorer, a Norwegian lord, [207]
• Thorer, a woman, [97]
• Thorer “Klakka,” [96–97]
• Thorfin “Skull splitter,” [114]
• Thorkill “the Tall,” [53–54], [183], [185], [187], [193–195] and n.
• Thorolf, s. of Skalligrim, [63], [65–66], [71–77]
• Tomar’s Wood, [148], [150], [151]
• Tosti, Godwin’s son, [223], [224], [226–229], [232–235]
• Trondhjem, [41]
• Trygve, f. of Olaf Trygveson, [91], [96]
• Turgesins, or Thorgils, [45]
• Turlough, King Brian’s grandson, [149]
• Ubba, s. of Ragnar Lodbrog, [18], [29], [30]
• “Udal-right,” [83], [113] and n.
• Ulf, Earl, [213], [215–216]
• Ulf “the Red,” [104]
• Ulster, [117], [142], [239], [242];
• Murtough, King of, [117–120]
• Unn, or Aud, “the deep minded,” [47–51], [108], [122]
• Valgard “the Guileful,” [160]
• Valland, [110]
• Vidkun Jonson, [242–243]
• Vige, Olaf’s Irish hound, [94–95]
• Viken, in Norway, [110]
• Vikings, [15], [43], [145–146];
• raids of, [18], [42], [108–109], [111], [244–248];
• as traders, [6];
• kingdom of, [14]
• Vin-heath, [66–67]
• Wales, [22], [23], [53], [57–59], [137], [237]
• Warwick, [53]
• Waterford, [46]
• Wedmore, [32]
• Week, names of, [85]
• Wessex, [12], [22], [25], [26], [27], [33], [38], [193]
• Wight, Isle of, [25], [184], [223], [228]
• William the Conqueror, [35], [42], [197] n., [218], [225], [229], [235];
• his genealogy, [35]
• Wiltshire, [23], [30], [31]
• Winchester, [184], [199], [210], [212], [218], [222]
• Woden, or Odin, [20], [21], [78], [85], [167], [190];
• his goblet, [85], [87]
• Worcester, [217]
• Ynglinga Saga, [11]
• York, City of, [14], [19], [53], [57], [84], [113], [229], [231];
• B. of, [19]
• Yorkshire, [13]
• Yule, or Christmas, [85–86], [144]
• Zealand, [16]

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected, renumbered, and placed just before the Index.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Index entries were printed in boldface in the original book, but representing boldface in the Plain Text version of this eBook would make the Index harder to read, so boldface has been used only in the HTML versions of this eBook.