The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies

by Elie Metchnikoff

• Abelard, [273]
• Abraham, use of soured milk, 1[71]
• Ackermann, Mde., [237]
• Actinosphærium, degeneration in, [14]
• Adanson, on age of Baobab-tree, [98]
• Adrenaline, effect of, [121]
• Agave, duration of life of, [100]
• Aged, treatment of in uncivilised countries, [1], [2]
• Alcohol and longevity, [91], [92]
• Algeria, ostriches at, [76], [78], [79]
• Altruism, [331]
• Ambard, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, [7]
• Anæmia, of brain, and sleep, [122]
  • use of serums in, [149]
• André, M., use of serums in anæmia, [149]
• Anger, [321]
• Annandale, Nelson, on age of anemones, [48]
• Annuals, change to biennials or perennials, [100]
  • death of, [102]
• Antelopes, excreta of, [66]
• Anthropoids, mental characters of, [191] et seq.
• Antiseptics, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, [156]
• Ants, [220], [221]
• Apes, anthropoid, mental characters of, 191 et seq.
  • relationship to man, [184], [185]
• Arabs, use of milk by, [174]
• Aristotle, [132]
• Arteries, sclerosis of, in the aged, [31]
• Ascidians, social, [219]
• Ashworth, Mr., on age of anemones, [48]
• Atheroma, in the aged, [30]
• Atrophy, of cells, [26]
  • of muscles, [28]
• Auditory apparatus, rudimentary organism, [188]
• Augsburg, elixir of life, [138]
• Auto-intoxication, from intestinal putrefaction, [69]
  • in plants, [107]
  • sleep, due to, [120]
    
• Babinsky, Dr., hysteria a relic from apes, [209]
• Balkan States, centenarians frequent in, [90]
• Baobab-tree, age of, [98]
• Barth, Dr., definition of somnambulism, [206]
• Batrachia, longevity of, [50]
• Bats, intestinal flora of, [80], [81]
• Bees, [49], [220], [226]
• Beetroot, perennial variety of, [100]
• Belgium, old age pensions, [4]
• Bélonovsky, M., on serums in anæmia, [148]
• Bélonowsky, Dr., on Bulgarian bacillus, [170]
• Berthelot, on dragon-tree of Orotava, [96]
• Bertrand, M. G., on sorbose fermentation, [106]
• Bertrand and Weisweiler, on Bacillus bulgaris, [179]
• Besredka, M., on blood serums, [148], [149]
• Bielschowsky, biographer of Goethe, [269]
• Blanchard, E., on age of carp, [50]
• Birds, intestinal flora of, [76], [79]
  • longevity of, [52]
• Blindness, [248], [257]
• Bloch, Dr. I., on Schopenhauer, 247
  
  Blood-vessels, hardening of, in the old, [31]
• Bodio, on infant mortality, [85]
• Boerhave, on gerokomy, [136]
• Bones, degeneration of, [29], [30]
• Bordet, M. J. M., on serums, [148]
• Botulism, poison of, [70], [82]
• Bouchard, M., on disinfection of intestines, [156]
• Bouchet, M., on constipation after parturition, [68]
• Bourneville, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, [34]
• Boveri, M., produced atherana by nicotine, [32]
• Bone, marrow, in old age, [37]
• Botryllus, [219]
• Boutroux, definition of morality, [303]
• Bradyfagy, [159]
• Brain, anæmia of, as cause of sleep, [122]
• Brehm, on age of cattle, [55]
• Brettes, criticism of “rudimentary organs,” [186]
• Bricon, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, [34]
• Brigand, Calabrian, fear of death, [194], [195]
• Brillat-Savarin, quotation from, [126]
• Brown-Séquard, specific for long life, [139], [277]
• Brudzinsky, M., on use of lactic microbes, [181]
• Buddha, on pessimism, [233], [247]
• Buehler, Dr., on cause of old age, [16]
• Buffon, on duration of life, [40], [50]
• Bulgarian bacillus, [178], [179], [180], [181], [182]
• Bunge, on relation between growth and longevity, [42]
• Burbank, American horticulturist, [326], [328]
• Butterflies, longevity of, [57]
• Bütschli, O., on life of cells, [15]
• Byron, [239], [247], [295]
  
• Cachexia, after extirpation of thyroid gland, [34]
• Caeca, of vertebrates, [60] et seq.
• Cagliostro, elixir of life, [138]
• Calomel, as an intestinal antiseptic, [158]
  • and syphilis, [146]
• Camphor, as an intestinal antiseptic, [156]
• Canary Islands, [96]
• Cancalon, Dr., on instinct of death, [128], [129]
• Cancer, and cleanliness, [144]
• Candolle, A. de, on cypresses of Mexico, [98]
  • on age of trees, [99]
• Cantacuzène, M., on blood serums, [148]
• Capital punishment, [305]
• Carlyle, on “Werther,” [265]
• Castration, effects of, [272]
• Cats, longevity of, [56]
• Cattle, longevity of, [55]
• Celibacy, and education of women, [224]
• Cell reproduction, rate of, [16]
• Centenarians, [4], [5], [86], [88], [89], [175], [176]
• Charcot, on sterilised food, [162], [163]
  • on hysteria, [202]
• Charron, M., on putrefactive poisons, [69]
• Chemin, M., on centenarians, [88], [89]
• Chimpanzee, [185], [192], [193]
• China, Emperor Chi-Hoang-Ti and immortality, [137]
• Chopin, a degenerate, [134]
• Christian morality, [321], [330]
• Chromophags, action of, [25]
• Claparède, E., on theory of sleep, [123], [124], [125]
• Cleanliness, and increase of life, [144]
• Clergymen, increasing duration of life of, [142]
• Coffee and longevity, [92]
• Cohausen, on gerokomy, [137]
• Cohendy, Dr. M., on Bulgarian bacillus, [178]
  • on intestinal flora, [78], [79]
  • on intestinal putrefaction, [168]
  • on thymol as a disinfectant, [157]
• Collectivism, [228]
• Colon, absorption in, [64]
• Constipation, evil results of, [67], [68], [69]
• Cooking, effect of, on microbes in food, [162]
• Copenhagen, suicide in, [3]
• Coral polyps, [216]
• Cornaro, [91]
• Cossacks, and biennial rye, [100]
• Cretinism, compared with senility, [32]
• Crœsus, [197]
• Cryptogams, life of, [99]
• Cursorial birds, intestinal flora of, [76]
• Cypress, age of, [98]
• Czerny, M., on absorption in colon, [64]
  • on cancer, 144
    
• D’Alton, and Goethe, [280]
• Dalyell, old anemone of, [48]
• Dana, on monstrilla, [115]
• Darwin, on fear, [195]
• David, King, [136]
• Death, instinct of, [128], [129]
  • natural, [94], [109], [119]
  • sensations at approach of, [126], [127], [130]
• Debreuil, Ch., on defecation in rheas, [76]
  • on excreta of antelopes, [66]
• Degenerates, famous, [134]
• Delage, Yves, criticism of instinct of death, [128]
  • on function of large intestines, [65], [66]
• Demange, M., on old age, [119]
• Denmark, suicide in, [3], [237]
• Descent of man, [184]
• Despotism, and socialism, [230]
• de Vries, H., on duration of life of plants, [104]
  • on prolongation of life of plants, [100]
  • on natural death in plants, [101]
• Diet and longevity, [46]
• Digestive system and senility, [59]
• Diplogaster, mother killed by larvæ, [111]
• Diphtheria, [323]
• Disease, and shortening of life, [145] et seq.
• Doctors, lady, [225]
• Dodo, [213]
• Dogs, longevity of, [55]
• Dostoiewsky, quotation from, [2]
• Doyen, M., operation on double monsters, [216]
• Dragon-tree, of Orotava, [96], [97], [98]
• Drakenberg, age of, [87]
• Drunkenness, and morality, [317]
• Dryopithecus, [334]
• Ducks, old, [11]
• Duering, on pessimism, [248]
• Durand-Fardel, M., on atheroma, [30]
• Duration of life, in animals, [39] et seq., [133]
  
• Eagles, intestinal flora of, [82]
• Ecclesiastes, quotation from, [233]
• Eckermann, narrative of Goethe’s last years, [271], [274], [279]
• Egoism, [227], [306], [331]
• Egyptian milk, [105]
• Eimer, Th., on intestines of bats &c., [62], [63]
• Einhorn, Dr., on bradyfagy, [159]
• Elective Affinities, Goethe’s, [273]
• Elephants, [9], [54], [83], [197]
• Eliot, George, [322]
• Elixir vitæ, [138]
• Ellenberger, on digestion in horse, [78]
• Enriquez, on infusoria, [13]
• Ephemeridæ, duration of life of, [113], [118]
• Epicureans, [309]
• Epiphyses of bones, as giving period of growth, [40]
• Ermenghem, van, on botulism, [70]
• Errera, Dr., on cause of sleep, [121]
• Eudoxia, [218]
• Ewald, on absorption in colon, [64]
• Exhaustion, as cause of plant death, [104], [107]
• Extinction of animals, [213]
• Eye, in old age, [36]
  
• Fatigue, Weichardt on cause of, [123]
• “Faust” and Goethe, [283] et seq.
• Favorsky, Dr., on botulism, [82]
• Fear, analysis of, [194]
• Fecundity and duration of life, [43], [44], [45], [57], [58]
• Feinkind, case of somnambulism quoted from, [204]
• Femininist movement, [224]
• Fermentation, cause of, [105]
• Fertility and longevity, [44], [45]
• Fish, longevity of, [50]
• Flamans, M., [5]
• Fletcher, on chewing, [159]
• Flora, of intestines, poisonous effect of, [70], [73] et seq., [151] et seq.
• Flourens, on duration of life, [40], [84]
• Foà, on use of soured milk in Africa, [172]
• Food, evil effects of putrefaction in, [163]
• Fouard, M., on soured milk, [180]
• Fürbbinger, on Brown-Séquard’s emulsions, 139
• Gautier, A., on leucomaines, [121]
• Gegenbaur, on intestinal tract, [60], [61]
• Genius and sexual power, [272]
• Gerokomy, [136]
• Gessner, on age of pike, [50]
• Gestation and longevity, [42]
• Giacomini, on Harderian gland, [189]
• Gibbons, [192], [198]
• Goebel, on duration of life of prothalli, [101], [102]
• Goethe, 260-300, [305]
• “Goose-skin,” [196]
• Gorilla, strength of, [192]
• Griesbach, on sense of touch in blind, [257]
• Grigoroff, on Bulgarian yahourth, [175], [178]
• Grindon, on age of sheep, [55]
• Guinon, Dr., on a case of hysteria, [203]
• Gurney, J. H., on longevity of birds, [51], [79]
  
• Haeckel, on medical selection, [134]
• Haffkine, M., [112]
• Hair, [17], [18]
• Halictus, a solitary bee, [226]
• Haller, on human longevity, [84], [132]
• Hamlet, quotation from, [239]
• Hannibal, his elephants swim the Rhone, [197]
• Harderian gland, [189]
• Hartmann, [235], [241]
• Harvey, on Parr, [87]
• Hayem, Prof., on use of lactic acid, [169], [173]
• Heart, diseases of, and syphilis, [145], [146]
• Hegesias, and suicide, [234]
• Heile, on absorption in colon, [64]
• Heim, on microbes in milk, [176]
• Heim, Prof., on Alpine accidents, [130]
• Heine, [236], [240]
• Hermippus, and gerokomy, [137]
• Herter, Dr., experiments on lactic acid in dogs, [167]
• Hertwig, R., on Actinosphærium, [14]
• Hildebrand, on duration of life of plants, [101], [102]
• Hippocrates, [132]
• Hofmeister, on digestion in horse, [74]
• Honey-ant, [222]
• Horse, cæcum, [62]
  • digestion, [74]
  • use of serum, [147]
• Horsley, Sir V., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, [34]
• Horst, on a somnambulistic soldier, [203]
• Hufeland, quotation from “Macrobiotique,” [137]
• Hugo, V., and sexuality, [277]
• Humboldt, on dragon-tree of Orotava, 96
  • on longevity of parrots, [52]
• Hunger, compared with sleep, [125]
• Huxley, on character of Orang, [193]
• Hygiene, and old age, [141], [142], [143]
• Hypnotism, of a crowd on individuals, [210]
• Hysteria, analysis of, [200] et seq.
  • in monkeys, [208]
    
• Ibsen, and sexuality, [277]
• Idleness, [316]
• Immortality, Chinese beverage for, [137], [138]
• Incubation, duration of, compared with longevity, [41], [42]
• India, government of, and age of elephants, [54]
• Individualism, [316]
• Individuality, [212] et seq.
• Infusoria, death of, [95]
  • senescence of, [13]
• Insects, ages of, [49]
  • social, [220] et seq.
• Instinct, of death, [128], [129]
  • maternal, [319], [320], [329]
  • social, [306]
• Intestine, large, [59], [65], [67], [151]
• Intuitive theory of morality, [305]
  
• Jacobson, organ of, [187]
• Javal, Dr., on characters of the blind, [257], [259]
• Jenner, effect of vaccination on mortality rate, [144]
• Josué, M., artificial production of atheroma, [32]
• Jousset, Dr., on difference between man and apes, [184]
  
• Kant, [309], [310]
• Kautsky, on socialism, [229], [230]
• Kentigern, age of, [87]
• Kephir, [171], [172], [173]
• Khoury, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, [105]
• Kocher, Dr., on effects of extirpation of thyroid gland, [33]
• Kocher, Prof., case of removal of large intestine, [152], [153]
• Kölliker, on degeneration of muscles, [27]
• Koppenfels, on character of gorilla, [194]
• Koumiss, [172]
• Kowalevsky, Sophie, [225]
• Kowalevsky, analysis of pessimism, [241], [255]
• Kukula, experiments on intestinal poisons, [69], [70]
• Kwass, [166]
  
• Lactic bacilli, and putrefaction in intestine, [168]
• Laignel-Lavastine, M., criticism of neuronophagy, [20]
• Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on longevity, [12], [56]
• Lao-Tsé, and immortality, [137]
• Laud, Archbishop, old tortoise of, [51]
• Lautschenberger, on absorption in colon, [64]
• Lavater, Goethe’s letter to, [268]
• Laws aiding the aged, [3], [4]
• “Leben,” Egyptian, [105], [171], [177], [178]
• Le Bon, G., on hysteria in crowds, [209]
• Lenau, M., [236]
• Lenthéric, on elephants swimming, [197]
• Leopardi, G., pessimistic poet, [235], [236], [247]
• Le Play, M., on putrefactive poisons, [69]
• Léri, M., on senile brain, [20]
• Lermontoff, [236]
• Leucomaines, as cause of sleep, [121]
• Levaillant, on longevity of parrots, [52]
• Lewes, G. H., on Goethe, [273], [290], [292], [298]
• Lexis, on duration of human life, [85]
• Life, duration of, in animals, [39] et seq.
• Life, prolongation of human, [132], et seq.
  • “sense” of, [260]
• Lima, Dr., on use of soured milk in Africa, [172], [174]
• Lloyd, M., old anemone of, [47]
• Loewenberg, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, [7]
• London Zoological Gardens, [51], [81]
• Longevity, in animal kingdom, [47] et seq.
  • human, [84] et seq.
  • rules for, [141]
  • in sexes, [44]
  • theories of, [39]
• Lorand, Dr., on ductless glands, [32]
• Love, Goethe and, [272]
• Luxury, [321]
  
• Macfadyen, Nencki and Mde. Sieber, on digestion, [153], [161]
• Macrophags, [25], [147]
• Mailaender, [235], [255]
• Malaquin, M., on Monstrilla, [116], [117]
• Male rotifers, death of, [114], [115]
• Malthus, theory of, [214]
• Mammals, longevity of, [53]
• Mammary glands, in males, [186]
• Man, compared with apes, [184], [185]
  • natural death of, [119] et seq.
  • longevity of, [84] et seq.
• Manouélian, M., on neuronophagy, [21], [22]
• Marinesco, M., on neuronophogs, [19]
• Marrow of the bones, in old age, [37]
• Marsiliaceæ, duration of life of prothallus, [99]
• Martin, on Gibbons, [192]
• Massart, on cause of death in plants, [102], [109]
• Massol, Prof., [178]
• Mastication, and intestinal putrefaction, [160]
• Matchinsky, M., on atrophy of ovary, [26]
• Maternal instinct, [319], [320]
• Mauclaire, M., operations on large intestine, [153], [154], [155]
• Maumus, M., on digestion in cæca, [61]
• Mauritius, giant tortoise from, [12]
• Maupas, M., on infusoria, [13]
• Maya, [178]
• Mayers, on Chinese elixir, [138]
• Meconium, appearance of microbes in, [161]
• Medical selection, [134]
• Mesnet and Mottet, Drs., cases of hysteria, [203]
• Mice, duration of life, [41], [43], [56]
• Michaelis, on muscles of monkeys, [185]
• Microbes, as cause of senility, [73]
  • in food, [162], [163]
  • passage through intestinal walls, [71]
• Middlemarch, G. Eliot’s, [322]
• Milk, importance of boiling, [177], [178]
  • microbes of disease in, [177]
  • putrefaction and fermentation of, [167]
  • use of soured milk, [181], [182]
• Mill, J. S., [323]
• Milne-Edwards, H., on laws of duration of life, [42]
• Minot, Prof., on cause of old age, [16]
• Moa, [213]
• Moebius, on Goethe, [271]
  • on Schopenhauer, [255]
• Molluscs, ages of, [48]
• Mongols, hair in old, [17]
• Monkeys, longevity of, [83]
• Monsters, double, [216]
• Monstrilla, life-history of, [115], [116], [117]
• Montefiore, Sir M., [91]
• Morality, Christian, [321]
  • definitions of, [303]
  • Kantian, [309], [310], [311], [312]
  • science and, [301] et seq.
• Mortality rates of old persons, [142], [143]
• Moses, use of soured milk, [171]
• Mosso, on fear, [194], [196]
• Muscles, degeneration of, [9], [26], [27]
• Myxomycetes, [215]
  
• Naegeli, on age of trees, [99]
• Nails, growth of, in the old, [18]
• Naphthaline, as an intestinal antiseptic, [156]
• Nature, human, [325]
• Nausenne, Mde., cause of longevity, [141]
• Negroes, longevity of, [88]
• Neisser, Prof., on protection against syphilis, [146]
• Nematodes, death of, [111]
• Nemertines, life-history of Pilidium of, [109] et seq.
• Nencki and Sieber, on digestion, [153], [161], [169]
• Neuronophags, [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]
• Nicotine, use of in experimental production of atheroma, [32]
• Nietzsche, criticism of Socialism, [230]
• Nogueira, M., on use of soured milk in Africa, [172], [174]
  
• Obstacles, sense of, [258]
• Old age, Goethe and, [279] et seq.
• Olympian, Goethe as an, [269]
• Optimism, foundation of, [256]
  • Goethe’s transformation to, [269], [270] et seq.
• Orang-outan, [185], [193]
• Orotava, dragon-tree of, [96]
• Orstein, Dr., on centenarians in Greece, [90]
• Orthobiosis, [212], [325] et seq.
• Ossetes, use of soured milk, [173]
• Osteoclasts, [30]
• Ostrich, defecation of, [76]
• Oustalet, M., on longevity of vertebrates, [46]
• Ovary, atrophy of, [26]
• Owls, intestinal flora of, [83]
• Ownership, collective, [229], [230]
  
• Parodi, on old age, [332]
• Parr, Thomas, [87]
• Parrots, duration of life, [41]
  • scanty intestinal flora of, [79]
• Pasquier, Dr. du, on constipation, [67]
• Pasteur, discovery of lactic microbe, [105], [167]
• Paulsen, criticism of Kant, [314]
• Pensions, old age, [3], [4], [133]
• Pessimism, [129], [233], [234], [239], [241], [249], [266]
• Pessimist, study of life-history of a, [249] et seq.
• Pflüger, on longevity, [93]
• Phagocytes, [18], [19]
• Phagocytosis, examples of, [25], [37]
• Phalansteries, [229]
• Pilidium, [109] et seq.
• Pitres, M., hysteric patients of, [200]
• Plague, [323]
• Plants, death of, [99], [103]
• Plasmodia, of Myxomycetes, [215], [216]
• Pleurotrocha haffkini, [112], [113]
• Pochon, Dr., experiments on use of lactic bacilli, [169]
• Poehl, Dr., on spermine, [139], [140]
• Pohl, Dr., on growth of hair, [17], [18]
• Ponogenes, as cause of sleep, 120
• Potatoes, improved by Burbank, [326]
• Poushkin, [236]
• Predestination, and plants, [103]
• Preyer, Dr., on Ponogenes, [120]
• Prichard, on longevity of negroes, [88]
• Productivity compared with fecundity, [57], [58]
• Prostokwacha, [172], [176]
• Prolongation of life, [132] et seq.
• Prothalli, life of, [99]
• Psychids, death of, [117]
• Ptolemy, fear of Hegesias’ philosophy, [235]
• Punishment, capital, [305]
• Purgatives, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, [157]
• Putrefaction, intestinal, [151] et seq., [161], [163], [164]
  
• Quételet, on stature of the aged, [9]
  
• Rabbit, fecundity of, [58]
• Ravens, absence of putrefaction in intestines of, [75]
• Reagents, action of, in distorting tissues, [20]
• Renouvier, C., on his own death, [127]
• Reproduction, organs of, rudiments in, [189]
• Reptiles, longevity of, [50]
• Rhea, cæca of, [60], [77]
• Rhinoceros, longevity of, [54]
• Rhytina, [213]
• Riley, James, on food of Arabs, [174]
• Rimpau, on cultivation of rye, [326], [328]
• Rist and Khoury, on milk, [178]
• Rist, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, [105]
• Rivière, M., on defecation in ostriches, [76], [78], [79]
• Robineau, Mde., [5], [6], [7], [8], [128], [159]
• “Roman Elegies,” Goethe’s, [268], [273]
• Rotifera, duration of life, [39]
  • death of, [112]
• Roux, anti-syphilitic ointment, [146]
• Rovighi, on Kephir, [173]
• Rudimentary organs, [185] et seq.
• Rye, duration of life of, [100]
  • Rimpau’s improvement of, [326]
    
• Salpétrière, hysterical patients at, [201]
  • old women in the, [4], [5]
• Sand, M., on senile brain, [20]
• Sargent, on age of Sequoia, [98]
• Sauer-kraut, [165], [171]
• Sauvage, M., on atheroma, [30]
• Savage, on character of anthropoids, [193]
• Saxe-Weimar, Grand Duke of, and Goethe, [274]
• Schaudinn, spirillum of syphilis, [31]
• Schiller, Goethe on, [271]
• Schiller, on moral conduct, [310]
• Schlanstedt, rye of, [326]
• Schmidt, on microbes in constipation, [70]
• Schopenhauer, [235], [247], [255], [277], [330]
• Schumann, a degenerate, [134]
• Science, and morality, [301] et seq.
• Sclerosis, in the aged, [31]
• Sea-anemones, longevity of, [47], [48]
• Sea-cow, [213]
• Selection, medical, [134]
• Seneca, [132], [235]
• Senescence, Brown-Séquard’s specific against, [139]
  • mechanism of, [25]
  • phagocytosis as cause of, [35]
• Senility, characters of, [8], [14]
  • and digestive system, [59]
  • theories of causation of, [15] et seq.
• Sensation, analysis of, with regard to pain and pleasure, [243]
• Sense of life, [26]
  • of obstacles, [258]
• Sense, organs of, rudimentary structures in, [186], [187]
• “Sermon on the Mount,” [321]
• Serums, cytotoxic, [147], [148], [149]
• Servants, care of, [321]
• Sex, and longevity, [57]
• Sexuality, Goethe and, [273] et seq.
  • and old age, [276]
  • moral problems of, [305]
• Sexual organs, abnormalities of, [224]
• Sexual power and genius, [272]
• Shakespeare, quotations, [239], [307]
• Sheep, digestion of, [74]
  • longevity, [55]
• Sight, rudimentary organs of, [189]
• Silos, [165]
• Siphonophora, [217]
• Skeleton, atrophy of, in the aged, [29]
• Sleep, and anæmia of brain, [122]
  • and auto-intoxication, [120]
  • and death compared, [125]
• Sleepiness, compared with hunger, [125]
• Sleeping-sickness, [124]
• Small-pox, and mortality rates, [144]
• Smell, analysis of, [243]
• Smell, rudimentary organs of sense of, [187]
• Smoking and longevity, [93]
• Social animals, [214], [220] et seq.
• Socialism, [228], [229]
• Society v. the individual, [223] et seq.
• Society, and morality, [306]
• Sociology, dependent on biology, [231]
• Sollier, Dr., on sensations at death, [130]
• Solomon, quotation from “Ecclesiastes,” [233]
• Somnambulism, analysis of, [200] et seq.
• Sorbose, fermentation of, [106]
• Soured milk, use of, [171], [181], [182]
• Sparrow, fecundity of, [58]
• Spencer, Herbert, criticism of Kant, [310]
  • criticism of socialism, [230]
  • theory of morality, [316], [322], [324], [327]
• Spermatozoa, in old age, [35]
• Spermine, [139], [140]
• Stadelmann, on lactic acid in diabetes, [170]
• Statistics on suicide, [3]
• Stature, in old age, [8], [9]
• Stein, Mde. von, [267], [268], [273]
• Steller’s sea-cow, [213]
• Stern, M., on disinfection of intestine, [156]
• Stohmann, on digestion in sheep, [74]
• Stoics, [309]
• Stragesco, Dr., on digestion in mammals, [63]
• Strasburger, on disinfection of intestine, [156], [157]
  • on microbes in constipation, [70]
• Suicide, [3], [4], [237], [238], [265], [311]
• Sully-Prudhomme, definition of morality, [303]
• Suprarenal capsules, and atheroma, [32]
• Swimming, instinctive power of, [197], [198], [207]
• Syphilis, [31], [37], [145], [146], [302], [304]
• Switzerland, centenarians rare in, [91]
  
• Tanacol, as an intestinal antiseptic, [156]
• Taoism and immortality, [137], [138]
• Taste, analysis of, [243]
• Tavel, M., operations on large intestine, [152] et seq.
• Taylor, Bayard, translation of Faust, [285]
• Termites, [220], [221]
• Testis, emulsion of, as used by Brown-Séquard, [139]
  • resistance of, to senescence, [35]
• Thanatology, [131]
• Theophrastus, [132]
• Thymol, as an intestinal antiseptic, [157]
• Thyroid, effects of extirpation of, [32], [33], [34]
• Timon of Athens, quotation from, [307]
• Tissier, Dr., on Bacillus bifidus, [161]
  • on use of lactic microbes, [181]
• Tissier, and Martelly, on putrid food, [164]
• Tobacco and longevity, [93]
• Tokarsky, on natural death, [126]
• Tolstoi, and death, [94]
  • “Death of Ivan Ilyitch,” [318]
• Tortoise, [11], [12], [13], [51]
• Touch, sense of, in the blind, [257]
• Troubat, M., on instinctive swimming, [198]
• Trees, age and death of, [96], [97], [98]
• Trypanosoma, [124]
  
• Unicellular organisms, death of, [95]
• Urine, analysis of, in a centenarian, [7]
• Utilitarianism, [305]
  
• Vacherot, criticism of Kant, [313]
• Varenetz, [172]
• Vascular glands, relation to old age, [33], [34]
• Verworn, Max, on death in infusoria, [95]
• Vinegar, in preservation of food, [165]
• Vivisection, [301]
• Voisin, M., criticism of neuronophagy, [20]
• Voltaire, [92], [235]
• Volz, on swimming power of gibbons, [198]
  
• Wales, Mr., quotation from Riley, [174]
• Weber, Dr., on regimen for old age, [140], [141]
• Weichardt, on cause of fatigue, [122], [123]
• Weinberg, Dr., on preparation of human serums, [150]
  • on thyroid gland in aged, [33]
• Weiske, on digestion in sheep, [78]
• Weismann, A., on cause of old age, [15], [16]
  • on death in infusoria, [95]
  • on duration of life, [41], [43], [45], [51]
• “Weltschmerz,” in German poetry, [236]
• Werther, Goethe’s, [263], [267]
• Westergaard, statistics of mortality, [142], [144]
• Wiedersheim, on intestinal tract, [60]
• Wine, Goethe and, [271], [279]
• Wolff, J. H., Goethe’s friend, [271]
• Women, education, [224] et seq.
  
• Yahourth, use in intestinal putrefaction, [168], [170], [175], [177], [178]
• Yeast, conditions of growth, [106]
  
• Zeigan, Dr., on adrenaline, [122]
• Zell, Dr., on blind persons, [259]
• Zelter, Goethe’s friend, [265]
• Zola, “La Joie de Vivre,” [248]
• Zoological Gardens of London, [51], [81]
• Zortay, Pierre, age of, 87