The army numbers 1,650 officers and 38,000 men, of whom about two-thirds are under colours during peace. On a war footing it is to be raised to 2,418 officers and 70,687 men. All men are obliged to serve either in the army or in the reserve, and exemption can no longer be purchased. The fortresses are numerous, but only a few of them are capable of being defended against modern artillery. The most important are Elvas, Abrantes, and Valença, near the Spanish frontier, the fort of São Julião and the citadel of Peniche on the coast. The navy no longer numbers a thousand vessels, as it did when King Sebastian started for {500} the invasion of Morocco. It consists now of twenty-seven steamers, including an ironclad corvette, and eleven sailing vessels, manned by 3,000 men and armed with 171 guns.
The public revenue approaches £6,000,000 sterling, and ever since 1834 there has been annually a deficit, which has resulted in a national debt of more than £80,000,000, a burden almost too heavy for a small country like Portugal. The revenue is, however, increasing, a balance between income and expenditure has been established within the last year or two, and the wretched expedient of deducting from 5 to 30 per cent. of the salaries of Government officials could be dispensed with for the first time in 1875.
| Provinces. | Districts. | Area, Sq. Miles. | Population, 1874. | Density. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entre Douro e Minho | Vianna | 864 | 221,049 | 256 |
| Braga | 1,054 | 346,429 | 329 | |
| Porto | 903 | 451,212 | 500 | |
| Traz os Montes | Villa Real | 1,718 | 239,591 | 140 |
| Bragança | 2,573 | 177,170 | — | |
| Beira Alta | Aveiro | 1,216 | 272,763 | 69 |
| Vizeu | 1,922 | 398,477 | 207 | |
| Coimbra | 1,500 | 305,237 | 203 | |
| Beira Baixa | Guarda | 2,148 | 234,912 | 109 |
| Castello Branco | 2,559 | 178,703 | 69 | |
| Estremadura | Leiria | 1,348 | 194,944 | 145 |
| Santarem | 2,651 | 217,316 | 82 | |
| Lisbon | 2,936 | 491,205 | 168 | |
| Alemtejo | Portalegre | 2,497 | 109,192 | 44 |
| Évora | 2,740 | 112,477 | 41 | |
| Beja | 4,198 | 154,327 | 37 | |
| Algarve | Faro | 1,875 | 193,877 | 104 |
| Continental Europe | 34,702 | 4,298,881 | 124 | |
| Area, Sq. Miles. | Population. | Density. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azores | 921 | 60,072 | 65 | |
| AFRICA:— | ||||
| Madeira | 310 | 118,609 | 383 | |
| Cape Verde Island | 1,487 | 90,704 | 61 | |
| Senegambia | 27 | 9,282 | 344 | |
| St. Thome and Principe | 417 | 31,692 | 75 | |
| Fort Ajuda | 13 | 700 | 54 | |
| Angola, Benguela, and Mossamedes | 312,000 | 2,000,000 | 6 | |
| Moçambique and Sofala | 40,000 | 300,000 | 8 | |
| ASIA:— | ||||
| Goa, &c. | 1,395 | 474,234 | 339 | |
| Damão | 30 | 40,980 | 1336 | |
| Diu | 12 | 12,303 | 1025 | |
| Timor and Kambing | 5,527 | 250,000 | 45 | |
| Macao | 1½ | 71,834 | 47·223 | |
| Colonies | 362,140 | 3,460,410 | 10 | |
| Total, Portugal and Colonies | 396,842 | 7,759,291 | 20 | |
NOTES.
[1] Houzeau, “Histoire du Sol de l’Europe.”—Carl Ritter, “Europa.”—Kohl, “Die Geographische Lage der Haupstadte Europa’s.”
[2] Modern Sea of Azof and River Don.
[3] Latham, Benfey, Cuno, Spiegel, and others.
[4] Population of Europe, about 305,000,000:—