PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY. (From a copyright photograph, 1899, by Pach Bros., New York).
A NEW YORK POLLING PLACE, SHOWING BOOTHS ON THE LEFT.
BENJAMIN R. TILLMAN.
GROVER CLEVELAND. (Photograph copyrighted by C. M. Bell).
W. Q. GRESHAM.
LEVI P. MORTON.
BENJAMIN HARRISON.
LORD L. S. SACKVILLE-WEST.
JOSEPH B. FORAKER.
“THE CHINESE MUST GO!” DENIS KEARNEY ADDRESSING THE WORKINGMEN ON THE NIGHT OF OCTOBER 29, ON NOB HILL, SAN FRANCISCO.
THOMAS B. REED.
DAVID C. HENNESSY.
AN EPISODE OF THE LYNCHING OF THE ITALIANS IN NEW ORLEANS.
THE CITIZENS BREAKING DOWN THE DOOR OF THE PARISH PRISON WITH THE BEAM BROUGHT THERE THE NIGHT BEFORE FOR THAT PURPOSE.
OLD PARISH JAIL, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
CANAL STREET, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
A. G. THURMAN.
CHILIAN STEAMER ITATA IN SAN DIEGO HARBOR.
PRESIDENT HARRISON BEING ROWED ASHORE AT FOOT OF WALL STEEET, NEW YORK, APRIL 29, 1889.
WASHINGTON INAUGURAL CELEBRATION, 1889, NEW YORK.
PARADE PASSING UNION SQUARE ON BROADWAY.
UNVEILING OF THE EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF ROBERT E. LEE, MAY 29, 1890.
HENRY W. GRADY.
FRANCIS T. NICHOLLS.
THE BUILDING OF A WESTERN TOWN, GUTHRIE, OKLAHOMA: A GENERAL VIEW OF THE TOWN ON APRIL 24, 1889, THE SECOND DAY AFTER THE OPENING. A VIEW ALONG OKLAHOMA A VENUE ON MAY 10, 1889. OKLAHOMA AVENUE AS IT APPEARED ON MAY 10, 1893, DURING GOVERNOR NOBLE’S VISIT.
MAIN STREET, JOHNSTOWN, AFTER THE FLOOD.
BURNING OF BARGES DURING HOMESTEAD STRIKE.
THE CARNEGIE STEEL WORKS. SHOWING THE SHIELD USED BY THE STRIKERS WHEN FIRING THE CANNON AND WATCHING THE PINKERTON MEN—HOMESTEAD STRIKE.
INCITING MINERS TO ATTACK FORT ANDERSON.
THE GROVE BETWEEN BRICEVILLE AND COAL CREEK.
STATE TROOPS AND MINERS AT BRICEVILLE, TENN.
THE MORMON TEMPLE AT SALT LAKE CITY.
COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION, NEW YORK, APRIL 28, 1893. PARADE PASSING FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL.
PINTA, SANTA MARIA, NINA—LYING IN THE NORTH RIVER, NEW YORK—THE CARAVELS WHICH CROSSED FROM SPAIN TO BE PRESENT AT THE WORLD’S FAIR AT CHICAGO.
THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, SEEN FROM THE SOUTHWEST.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, WITH ILLINOIS BUILDING IN THE BACKGROUND.
A VIEW TOWARD THE PERISTYLE FROM MACHINERY HALL.
THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SEEN FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.
MIDWAY PLAISANCE, WORLD’S FAIR, CHICAGO.
THE BURNING OF THE WHITE CITY: ELECTRICITY BUILDING—MINES AND MINING BUILDING.
THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING IN CHICAGO. (Showing the construction of outer walls).
INTERIOR OF THE POWER HOUSE AT NIAGARA FALLS.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (Copyright-photograph by W. A. Dickson).
NIKOLA TESLA.
BICYCLE PARADE, NEW YORK, FANCY COSTUME DIVISION.
HATCHERY ROOM OF THE FISH COMMISSION BUILDING AT WASHINGTON, D. C., SHOWING THE HATCHERY JARS IN OPERATION.
WILLIAM BOOTH. (From a photograph by Rockwood, New York).
GROVER CLEVELAND. (From a photograph by Alexander Black).
WILLIAM L. WILSON.
PRINCESS (AFTERWARDS QUEEN) LILIUOKALANI.
JAMES H. BLOUNT.
ALBERT S. WILLIS.
RICHARD OLNEY.
THE LEXOW INVESTIGATION. THE SCENE IN THE COURT ROOM AFTER CREEDEN’S CONFESSION, DECEMBER 15, 1894.
CHARLES H. PARKHURST. (Copyright photograph by C. C. Langill).
WILLIAM L. STRONG.
COXEY’S ARMY ON THE MARCH TO THE CAPITOL STEPS AT WASHINGTON.
THE TOWN OF PULLMAN.
GEORGE M. PULLMAN.
CAMP OF THE U. S. TROOPS ON THE LAKE FRONT, CHICAGO.
BURNED CARS IN THE C., B. & Q. YARDS AT HAWTHORNE, CHICAGO.
OVERTURNED BOX CARS AT CROSSING OF RAILROAD TRACKS AT 39TH STREET, CHICAGO.
HAZEN S. PINGREE.
GOV. JOHN P. ALTGELD.
EUGENE V. DEBS.
THE CHICKAMAUGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. GROUP OF MONUMENTS ON KNOLL SOUTHWEST OF SNODGRASS HILL.
A GROVE OF ORANGES AND PALMETTOES NEAR ORMOND, FLORIDA.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.
THE ATLANTA EXPOSITION. ENTRANCE TO THE ART BUILDING.
SENATOR TELLER, OF COLORADO.
SENATOR CANNON.
GARRET A. HOBART. VICE-PRESIDENT. (Copyright photograph, 1899, by Pach Bros., New York).
THE McKINLEY-HOBART PARADE PASSING THE REVIEWING STAND, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 31, 1896.
BRYAN SPEAKING FROM THE REAR END OF A TRAIN.
ARTHUR SEWALL.
EX-SENATOR PALMER.
SIMON E. BUCKNER.
JOHN SHERMAN.
LYMAN J. GAGE, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.
CORNELIUS N. BLISS, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.
JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
POSTMASTER-GENERAL GARY. (Copyright photograph by Clinedinst).
RUSH OF MINERS TO THE YUKON. THE CITY OF CACHES AT THE SUMMIT OF CHILCOOT PASS.
NELSON DINGLEY.
WARSHIPS IN THE HUDSON RIVER CELEBRATING THE DEDICATION OF GRANT’S TOMB, APRIL 27, 1897.
GRANT’S TOMB, RIVERSIDE DRIVE, NEW YORK. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by Detroit Photographic Co.).
GOVERNOR-GENERAL WEYLER.
U. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE ENTERING THE HARBOR OF HAVANA, JANUARY, 1898. (Copyright photograph, 1898, by J. C. Hemment).
WRECK OF U. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE. (Photograph by J. C. Hernment).
BOW OF THE SPANISH CRUISER ALMIRANTE OQUENDO. (Photograph by J. C. Hemment—copyright, 1898, by W. R. Hearst).
THE LANDING AT DAIQUIRI. TRANSPORTS IN THE OFFING.
CAPTAIN CHARLES E. CLARK.
AFTERDECK ON THE OREGON, SHOWING TWO 13-INCH, FOUR 8-INCH, AND Two 6-INCH GUNS. (Copyright photograph, 1899, by Strohmeyer & Wyman).
BLOCKHOUSE ON SAN JUAN HILL.
ADMIRAL CERVERA, COMMANDER OF THE SPANISH SQUADRON.
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM R. SHAFTER.
TROOPS IN THE TRENCHES, FACING SANTIAGO.
GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.
VIEW OF SAN JUAN HILL AND BLOCKHOUSE, SHOWING THE CAMP OF THE UNITED STATES FORCES.
THE COLLIER MERRIMAC SUNK BY HOBSON AT THE MOUTH OF SANTIAGO HARBOR.
THE SPANISH CRUISER CRISTOBAL COLON. (From a photograph by J. C. Hemment-copyright, 1898, by W. R. Hearst).
THE U. S. S. BROOKLYN. (Copyright photograph, 1898, by C, C. Langill, New York).
GENERAL NELSON A. MILES.
ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.
PROTECTED CRUISER OLYMPIA.
GENERAL A. R. CHAFFEE.
GENERAL MERRITT AND GENERAL GREENE TAKING A LOOK AT A SPANISH FIELD-GUN ON THE MALATE FORT.
ADMIRAL WILLIAM T. SAMPSON.
ADMIRAL W. S. SCHLEY.
THE NEW CUBAN POLICE AS ORGANIZED BY EX-CHIEF OF NEW YORK POLICE McCULLAGH.
SHOWING CONDITION OF STREETS IN SANTIAGO BEFORE STREET CLEANING DEPARTMENT WAS ORGANIZED.
SANTIAGO STREET CLEANING DEPARTMENT.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LEONARD A. WOOD IN THE UNIFORM OF COLONEL OF ROUGH RIDERS.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LEONARD A. WOOD TRANSFERRING THE ISLAND OF CUBA TO PRESIDENT TOMASO ESTRADA PALMA, AS A CUBAN REPUBLIC, MAY, 1902. (Copyright stereoscopic photograph, by Underwood & Underwood, New York).
THE JOLO TREATY COMMISSION.
THREE HUNDRED BOYS IN THE PARADE OF JULY 4, 1902, YIGAN, ILOCOS.
GIRL’S NORMAL INSTITUTE, YIGAN, ILOCOS, APRIL, 1902.
IGORROTE RELIGIOUS DANCE, LEPONTO.
IGORROTE HEAD HUNTERS, WITH HEAD AXES AND SPEARS.
NATIVE MOROS—INTERIOR OF JOLO.
EMILIO AGUINALDO.
GENERAL FREDERICK FUNSTON—GENERAL A. McARTHUR.
A COMPANY OF INSURRECTOS, NEAR BONGUED, ABIA PROVINCE, JUST PREVIOUS TO SURRENDERING EARLY IN 1901.
ELEVENTH CAVALRY LANDING AT VIGAN, ILOCOS, APRIL, 1902.
JULES CAMBON, THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR, ACTING FOR SPAIN, RECEIVING FROM THE HONORABLE JOHN HAY, THE U. S. SECRETARY OF STATE, DRAFTS TO THE AMOUNT OF $20,000,000, IN PAYMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES. (Copyright photograph, 1899, by Frances B. Johnston).
NATIVE TAGALS AT ANGELES, FIFTY-ONE MILES FROM MANILA.
BRINGING AMMUNITION TO THE FRONT FOR GENERAL OTIS’S BRIGADE, NORTH OF MANILA.
FORT MALATE, CAVlTE.
THE PASIG RIVER, MANILA.
THE INAUGURATION OF GOVERNOR TAFT, MANILA, JULY 4, 1901.
GROUP OF AMERICAN TEACHERS ON THE STEPS OF THE ESCUELA MUNICIPAL, MANILA.
W. J. BRYAN ACCEPTING THE NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT AT A JUBILEE MEETING HELD AT INDIANAPOLlS, AUGUST 8, 1900.
THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION, HELD IN PHILADELPHIA, JUNE, 1900.
PARADE OF THE SOUND MONEY LEAGUE, NEW YORK, 1900 PASSING THE REVIEWING STAND.
MR. MERRIAM, DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS.
CENSUS EXAMINATION.
THE CENSUS OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
A CENSUS-TAKER AT WORK.
ELECTRIC TOWER AND FOUNTAINS [BUFFALO].
ETHNOLOGY BUILDING AND UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
TEMPLE OF MUSIC BY ELECTRIC LIGHT.
GROUP OF BUFFALOS—PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION.
ELECTRIC TOWER AT NIGHT.
TRIUMPHAL BRIDGE AND ENTRANCE TO THE EXPOSITION, SHOWING ELECTRIC DISPLAY AT NIGHT.
THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING.
PRESIDENT McKINLEY AT NIAGARA—ASCENDING THE STAIRS FROM LUNA ISLAND TO GOAT ISLAND. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by C. E. Dunlap).
THE LAST PHOTOGRAPH OF THE LATE PRESIDENT McKINLEY—TAKEN AS HE WAS ASCENDING THE STEPS OF THE TEMPLE OF MUSIC, SEPTEMBER 6, 1901.
THE MILBURN RESIDENCE, WHERE PRESIDENT McKINLEY DIED—BUFFALO, N. Y. (Copyright photograph, 1902, by Underwood & Underwood).
ASCENDING THE CAPITOL STEPS AT WASHINGTON, D. C., WHERE THE CASKET LAY IN STATE IN THE ROTUNDA.
PRESIDENT McKINLEY’S REMAINS PASSING THE UNITED STATES TREASURY, WASHINGTON, D. C. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by Underwood & Underwood).
THE HOME OF WILLIAM McKINLEY AT CANTON, OHIO. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by Underwood & Underwood).
INTERIOR OF ROOM IN WILCOX HOUSE WHERE THEODORE ROOSEVELT TOOK THE OATH OF PRESIDENCY.

PERIOD VI.
EXPANSION

1888-1902

CHAPTER I.
DRIFT AND DYE IN LAW-MAKING

Race war at the South following the abolition of slavery, new social conditions everywhere, and the archaic nature of many provisions in the old laws, induced, as the century drew to a close, a pretty general revision of State constitutions. New England clung to instruments adopted before the civil war, though in most cases considerably amended. New Jersey was equally conservative, as were also Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. New York adopted in 1894 a new constitution which became operative January 1, 1895. Of the old States beyond the Mississippi only Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oregon remained content with ante-bellum instruments. Between 1864 and 1866 ten of the southern States inaugurated governments which were not recognized by Congress and had to be reconstructed. Ten of the eleven reconstruction constitutions were in turn overthrown by 1896. In a little over a generation, beginning with Minnesota, 1858, fourteen new States entered the Union, of which all but West Virginia and Nebraska retained at the end of the century their first bases of government. In some of these cases, however, copious amendments had rendered the constitutions in effect new.

As a rule the new constitutions reserved to the people large powers formerly granted to one or more among the three departments of government. Most of them placed legislatures under more minute restrictions than formerly prevailed. The modern documents were much longer than earlier ones, dealing with many subjects previously left to statutes. Distrust of legislatures was further shown by shortening the length of sessions, making sessions biennial, forbidding the pledging of the public credit, inhibiting all private or special legislation, and fixing a maximum for the rate of taxation, for State debts, and for State expenditures.

South Dakota, the first State to do so, applied the initiative and referendum, each to be set in motion by five per cent. of the voters, to general statutory legislation. Wisconsin provided for registering the names of legislative lobbyists, with various particulars touching their employment. The names of their employers had also to be put down. Many new points were ordered observed in the passing of laws, such as printing all bills, reading each one thrice, taking the yeas and nays on each, requiring an absolute majority to vote yea, the inhibition of “log-rolling” or the joining of two or more subjects under one title, and enactments against legislative bribery, lobbying, and “riders.”

While the legislature was snubbed there appeared a quite positive tendency to concentrate responsibility in the executive, causing the powers of governors considerably to increase. The governor now enjoyed a longer term, was oftener re-eligible, and could veto items or sections of bills. By the later constitutions most of the important executive officers were elected directly by the people, and made directly responsible neither to governors nor to legislatures.

The newer constitutions and amendments paid great attention to the regulation of corporations, providing for commissions to deal with railroads, insurance, agriculture, dairy and food products, lands, prisons, and charities. They restricted trusts, monopolies, and lotteries. Modifications of the old jury system were introduced. Juries were made optional in civil cases, and not always obligatory in criminal cases. Juries of less than twelve were sometimes allowed, and a unanimous vote by a jury was not always required. Growing wealth and the consequent multiplication of litigants necessitated an increase in the number of judges in most courts. Efforts were made, with some success, by combining common law with equity procedure, and in other ways, to render lawsuits more simple, expeditious, and inexpensive.

Restrictions were enacted on the hours of labor, the management of factories, the alien ownership of land. The old latitude of giving and receiving by inheritance was trenched upon by inheritance taxes. The curbing of legislatures, the popular election of executives, civil service reform, and the creation of a body of administrative functionaries with clearly defined duties, betrayed movement toward an administrative system.