The process of distilling consists in converting the fluid to be distilled into vapour, and condensing it into a fluid in another vessel. By this process the more volatile parts of any fluid are separated from the rest; for example, if brandy be distilled, the spirit or alcohol it contains will be converted into vapour and will condense in the receiver comparatively pure (see “[Alcohol]”), leaving behind in the still the water, coloring matter, &c., so that the spirit is colorless, although the brandy may have been quite brown. Also, if common water be distilled, pure water will pass over, and the earthy matters which the water had contained will be left behind (for all ordinary water contains considerable quantities of earthy matters, dissolved out from the earth over which it flows). The vessels used for distilling are very various in their forms, to suit the different fluids, both as to quantity and quality (see “[Still]”). There is a contrivance lately used for distilling spirit from the fermented wash containing it, by which it is allowed to flow into an apartment full of double floors, a few inches above each other, the upper ones being made of thin copper perforated all over with minute holes, and on which the wash is allowed to flow to the depth of about an inch. Into the space between the upper and lower parts of each floor steam is admitted, which, rising through the little holes, is condensed by the wash, giving out its heat to the spirit contained therein, and causing it to be converted into vapour, which passes off from the spaces between the floors to a condensing apparatus with which they all communicate.
GILDING.
Gilding consists in covering the surfaces of various articles with a thin layer of gold, and may be divided into two kinds, quite different processes and practised by different artisans. The first is “oil-gilding,” which is a mechanical application of gold-leaf to some adhesive surface, the second is “water-gilding,” and is a chemical process.
In oil-gilding, where frames, &c., are to be covered with gold-leaf, the first thing necessary is to obtain a smooth even surface on which it will lie, but as carved frames are expensive, ornaments of a kind of putty are fixed to the frame, and coated with whiting and size. The gold-leaf is made to adhere easily to this clammy surface, by simply damping it, and pressing the gold on by means of a piece of cotton wool, afterwards gently brushing it into all the markings. Wood and other articles to be gilt are coated with “gold-size,”—a sort of varnish—and when this is nearly dried, so as to be what is called “tackey,” it will hold the gold in the same way. When lettering is to be done in gold, the painted or varnished surface is first brushed over with whiting, which prevents the gold adhering where it is not wanted, the writing is then executed in gold-size, and the gold-leaf applied by pressing the book on to the surface, and finishing off with cotton wool, which rubs off all the superfluous gold-leaf and smooths it on the surface.
Water-gilding (a process, however, in which no water is used) consists in covering the surface of metal with a thin coating of gold; the best metal for water-gilding is either brass, or a mixture of brass and copper. A mixture of gold and mercury, in the proportion of one part of gold to eight of mercury, is made hot over a fire till they have united; it is then put into a bag of chamois-leather, and the superfluous mercury pressed out. What remains is called an “amalgam;” it is soft, and of a greasy nature, so that it can be smeared over any surface with the fingers. The articles to be gilt are made perfectly clean on the surface, and a liquid made by dissolving mercury in nitric acid (aqua-fortis) is brushed over them by means of a brush made of fine brass wire, called a “scratch-brush.” The mercury immediately adheres to the surface of the metal, making it look like silver, when this is done, a little of the amalgam is rubbed on, and the article evenly covered with it. It is now heated in a charcoal fire till all the mercury evaporates, and the brass is left with a coating of gold, which is very dull but may be burnished with a steel burnisher and made bright if necessary. In former times articles were inlaid with thin plates of gold, which were placed in hollows made with a graver and melted in, a little borax being applied between.
When a solution of “chloride of gold” is mixed with ether, the ether takes the gold away from the solution, and may be poured off the top charged with it. This solution, if applied to polished steel by means of a camel-hair pencil, rapidly evaporates, leaving a film of gold adhering to the steel, which, when burnished with any hard substance, has a very elegant appearance. In this way any ornamental design in gold may be produced, but it is not very durable.The gilt ornaments, scrolls, and mottoes on sword-blades, &c., are sometimes done in this way.
“Gilding refined gold” would appear a great absurdity, but something very like it is often practised in the process called “coloring,” used by jewellers. This is however never applied to “refined gold” but to gold that is not quite so good in color as it should be. It is boiled in a liquid containing chemical substances capable of dissolving the alloy from the surface of the article and depositing a thin coating of pure gold, giving it the appearance of being made of better gold than it really is. This is in truth a species of electro-plating, but was in use very many years before the electro-depositing process had been discovered.