[174] J. Berthelé, “L’architecture plantagenet,” in Congrès Archéologique, 1903, p. 234; E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, “L’architecture plantagenet,” in Congrès Archéologique, 1910; Prosper Merimée, Notes d’un voyage dans l’Ouest de la France (1836); Choyer, “L’architecture des Plantagenets,” in Congrès Archéologique, 1871, p. 257; Célestin Port, Dictionnaire de Maine-et-Loire, 3 vols.; Abbé Bossebœuf, L’architecture plantagenet(Angers, Lachène, 1897).

[175] Saintes lies on the Charente, some fifty miles from Angoulême. In the venerable XII-century church of St. Eutrope cropped out one of the early sporadic uses of diagonals. Its crypt, which is one of the largest in France, is braced on heavy, semicircular arches. The exterior of the apse is decorated. Nothing is left of the original nave; the present one is transitional work. The choir and part of the transept are of the XV century. The superb tower, with corner-turret effects that rise from base to summit, was finished with a spire by 1480. It is said that John XXII, who promulgated the Angelus by his bull of 1318, had learned its usage from a custom of St. Eutrope. The church of St. Pierre, at Saintes, rebuilt in 1117, and again in 1450, has another Flamboyant Gothic tower of good design, which is now much wasted by decay. See Congrès Archéologique, 1894; 1912, pp. 195, 309; also Bulletin Monumental, 1907, vol. 71; J. Laferrière et G. Musset, L’art en Saintonge et en Aunis; Ch. Dangibeaud, L’école de sculpture romane saintongeaise (Paris, 1910).

[176] Congrès Archéologique, 1858, 1901, and 1910; Chanoine Roux, Monographie de St. Front de Périgueux (Périgueux, 1920); J. A. Brutails, “La question de St. Front,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1895, p. 125; 1906, p. 87; 1907, p. 517; Anthyme Saint-Paul, on St. Front, in Bulletin Monumental, 1888, p. 163; 1891, p. 321; 1906, p. 5; Félix de Verneilh, L’architecture byzantine en France, 1851; R. Michel-Dansac, De l’emploi des coupoles sur la nef dans le sud-ouest Aquitain; Corroyer, L’architecture romane, 1888; ibid., L’architecture gothique, 1899; Ch. H. Besnard, “Étude sur les coupoles et voûtes domicales du sud-ouest de la France,” in Congrès Archéologique, 1912, vol. 2, p. 118; Abbé Pécout, Périgueux; R. Phené Spiers, “St. Front de Périgueux et les assises à coupoles,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1897; 1907, p. 175.

[177] The cathedral of Cahors was damaged by earthquake in 1303, after which its apse was rebuilt as Gothic, but not too much out of harmony with the rest of the church. The ancient frescoes are full of interest. At the north end of the transept is a now unused portal, whose sculpture belongs to the same Midi school as Moissac, but later and calmer work. The Christ of its tympanum is classed with Vézelay, Chartres, and Beaulieu—the supreme Christ images of Romanesque art. M. Forel praises the angels’ magnificent gesture of adoration. The XIV-century west front resembles those of the Brunswick churches whose façade and towers comprise one massive up to the roof. John XXII (1316-33), the second Avignon pope, was born in Cahors, where he founded the university, contributed toward the cathedral, and built a bridge over the Lot which is considered the handsomest of the Middle Ages. In the diocese of Cahors is Rocamadour, the most picturesque pilgrim shrine of Our Lady in France, visited by St. Louis. E. Rey, La cathédrale St. Étienne de Cahors (Cahors, J. Girma, 1911); Congrès Archéologique, 1907, p. 413; Alexis Forel, l’Voyage au pays des sculpteurs romans, vol. 2, p. 52; “Le cloître de la cathédrale de Cahors,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1883, p. 110; E. Rupin, Roc-amadour (Paris, Baranger, 1904).

[178] Congrès Archéologique, 1847, 1903, and 1912; Biais, La cathédrale d’Angoulême (Paris, H. Laurens); H. de la Mauvinière, Poitiers et Angoulême (Collection, Villes d’art célèbres), (Paris, H. Laurens, 1908); J. George, La cathédrale d’Angoulême (Angoulême, Cha 1901-04); Michon, Histoire de l’Angoumois, 1846; ibid., Statistique monumentale de la Charente, 1844; Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire de l’architecture (see article coupole); Sharpe, A Visit to the Domed Churches of Charente (London, 1876); J. A. Brutails and Spiers, “Les coupoles du Périgord et de l’Angoumois,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1895, 1897, 1906, and 1907.

[179] Four miles from Angoulême is the curious octagonal church of St. Michel d’Entraignes (1137), built up to its big dome, as it were. Close to it is Fléae, whose three cupolas have no separate bases, but are pierced directly by the big arcades, which is more the Byzantine way of making a cupola than the French. Six miles from Angoulême are the ruins of La Couronne abbatial, where once was a Plantagenet Gothic choir; and ten miles away, at Roullet, is a remarkable sculptured façade. Aulnay’s fine church has a decorated front, well-cut capitals, and a ribbed cupola, without distinct pedestal. Pont l’Abbé possesses one of the best Romanesque façades in France. At Ruffec and at Civray are others. There is a church at Charroux with the curious plan of three aisles round a central octagon. Cupola churches are to be found at Plazzac, Bassac, Gensae, Cognac, Souillae, and Solignac, six miles from Limoges. Studies of these churches by E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, L. Serbat, and André Rhein are to be found in the Congrès Archéologique, 1912.

[181] Congrès Archéologique, 1862 and 1910; L. Magne, “L’ancienne abbaye de Fontevrault,” in L’architecte, 1910, p. 60; A. de Caumont, “Fontevrault,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1867, p. 73; Bernard Palustre, “Les coupoles de Fontevrault,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1898, vol. 63, p. 500; Honorat Nicquet, Histoire de l’ordre de Fontevraud, 1642; G. Malifaud, L’abbaye de Fontevrault, notices historiques et archéologiques (Angers, 1866); Abbé Bossebœuf, Fontevrault, son histoire et ses monuments (Tours, 1867); Édouard, Fontevrault et ses monuments (Paris, 1874), 2 vols.; Joseph Joubert, “Les mausolées des Plantagenets à Fontevrault,” in Mém. de la Soc. d’arts d’Angers, 1903; and 1906, p. 61, Chanoine Urseau; Vietor Pavie, “Westminster et Fontevrault,” in Mém. de la Soc. d’arts d’Angers, 1866, p. 229; Histoire littéraire de la France (Paris, 1756), vol. 10, p. 153, “Robert d’Arbrissel.”

[182] Louis Corroyer, L’architecture gothique (Paris, 1899), p. 1. “La coupole, sous sa forme symbolique, est l’œuf d’où est sorti un système architectonique qui a causé une révolution des plus fécondes dans le domaine de l’art.”

[183] “Dans ces choses-là on eu dit plus qu’il n’y en a, mais aussi il y a souvent plus qu’on eu dit,” says the discreet historian Mézerai.

[184] Congrès Archéologique, 1910, the cathedral of Angers; p. 161, Chanoine Urseau; p. 182, St. Serge; p. 228, the château; p. 232, l’évêché; Louis de Farcy, Monographie de la cathédrale d’Angers (1910), 3 vols. and album; ibid., Les vitraux de la nef de la cathédrale d’Angers (1912); J. Denais, Monographie de la cathédrale d’Angers (Paris, 1899); John Bilson, “Angers Cathedral, the Vaults of the Nave,” in Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1911-12, p. 727; also in the Congrès Archéologique, 1910, vol. 2, p. 203; V. Godard-Faultrier, Répertoire archéologique de l’Anjou (1865); L. Halphen, Le comté d’Anjou au XIe siècle (Paris, Picard, 1906); Léon Palustre, La Renaissance en France (3 vols.), vol. 3, Anjou et Poitou (Paris, Quantin); H. Jouin, Les musées d’Angers (Paris, Plon, 1885), 4to; Péan de la Tuilerie, Le Maine et l’Anjou; Wismes, Le Maine et l’Anjou, historiques, archéol. e pittoresque (Paris), 2 vols., folio; E. Lelong, “Histoire et mon. d’Angers,” in Angers et l’Anjou (1903); Lecoy de la Marche, Le roy René, sa vie, son administration (Paris, 1875), 2 vols.; Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London, 1887), 2 vols.; De Solies, Foulques Nerra; Célestin Port, Dictionnaire historique, géographique, et biographique de Maine-et-Loire (Paris and Angers, 1874-78), 3 vols. also his Notes et notices angevins (Angers, 1879); A. J. de H. Bushnell, Storied Windows (New York, Macmillan Company, 1914); Sir J. H. Ramsay, The Angevin Empire, (London, 1903).