[344] Camille Enlart, on the origin of Flamboyant Gothic, in the Archæological Journal, 1886, and in Histoire de l’Art (éd. A. Michel), vol. 3, 1ère partie (Paris, Colin, 1914); Bulletin Monumental, 1906, vol. 70, pp. 38, 483, 511, the controversy between M. Saint-Paul and M. Enlart, on the origin of Flamboyant Gothic; Anthyme Saint-Paul, L’architecture française et la Guerre de Cent Ans (1910); ibid., Les origines du gothique flamboyant en France (Caen, 1907).
[345] Charles d’Orléans, Poésies, éd. Ch. d’Héricault (Paris), 2 vols.
[346] St. Maclou, says Mr. F. M. Simpson, expresses the joie de vivre, even as the stiff angular lines of a contemporary style—the English Perpendicular—show the gloom that prevailed in England after the War of the Roses. Cardinal Guillaume d’Estouteville contributed toward St. Maclou, which was dedicated only in 1521, by Cardinal Georges II d’Amboise. Jean Goujon probably made the richly chiseled doors. St. Maclou has XV-century windows; its rose windows are of the XVI century. There is Le Prince glass in the late-Gothic church of St. Vincent, and other XVI-century windows in St. Patrice. Abbé Ouin-Lacroix. Histoire de l’église et de la paroisse de St. Maclou de Rouen (1846); Edmond Renaud, L’église St. Vincent de Rouen (1885); Arthur Kingsley Porter, Medieval Architecture, vol. 2, pp. 389 to 416, “Flamboyant Gothic Monuments.”
[347] Notre Dame at Caudebec-en-Caud, called by Henry IV “the most beautiful chapel of my kingdom of France,” has its “tiara” united to its shaft by flying buttresses. Other Flamboyant Gothic monuments in Normandy are Louviers’ lacelike portal (1493); churches at Dieppe; the transept of Évreux Cathedral; St. Jacques at Lisieux; St. Pierre at Coutances; Les Andelys, Elbeuf, Gisors, and the joyous festival of stone of Notre Dame at Alençon, where the shady north side of the nave is adorned with Old Testament scenes, and the sun-lit southern wall opened by spacious Flamboyant traceries that frame the New Testament; its Jesse tree is unusual. Notre Dame at St. Lô (which has a Becket window) shows Perpendicular traits. Its west portals are strangely dissimilar, as are its monumental towers. Near Fécamp, the Estouteville family founded Valmont abbatial (1116) now unroofed save its Lady chapel, in which are splendid tombs, a reredos of the Annunciation that is a gem of XVI-century realism, and a window that inspired Eugène Delacroix’s palette.
[348] Sir Theodore Andreas Cook, Twenty-five Great Houses of France, chap. 12 (New York and London, 1916).
[349] Flaubert, born in Rouen, 1821, died near the city, at Croisset, in his ancient house that formerly belonged to the monks of St. Ouen. The increased river activities during the World War have encroached on his property. His pupil, Guy de Maupassant, born near Dieppe, was associated with his mother’s city, Rouen, where stands his statue (1853-93). The house of the great Corneille (1636-1709) is near Rouen’s Old Market. Other sons of Rouen were La Salle, the explorer (d. 1687), and the painter Géricault (1791-1824). Nicholas Poussin (1594-1665) was born at Les Andelys; Jean-François Millet, near Cherbourg (1814-74); Auber, the composer (1782-1871), at Caen, as was the poet Malherbes (1555-1628). Mézerai, whose history is considered the best account of the XVI-century religious struggle in France, and his brother, Jean Eudes, founder of the Eudists, were born near Caen. The great seamen, Tourville (1642-1701) and Du Quesne (1610-88), were Normans; so were Laplace, the mathematician (1749-1827), Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-59), Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1736-1814), Octave Feuillet (1821-90), Léon Gautier (1832-97), Barbey d’Aurevilly (1808-89), and savants such as Simeon Luce (d. 1892), Gabriel Monod (d. 1912), Albert Sorel, Paul Allard, Leopold Delisle (d. 1910). The latter was led to decipher ancient manuscripts by C. de Gerville, who, with that other Norman, Arcisse de Caumont, was a pioneer in mediæval archeology.
[350] Jules Quicherat, the archæologist, was the first to place before the public the records of Jeanne d’Arc’s two trials. He printed (1841-49) five volumes in Latin for the Société de l’histoire de France. Accounts of Jeanne have been written by Wallon (Paris, 1877); Marius Sepet (Tours, 1885); Ayroles, S. J. (Paris, 1902), who dwells much on the nefarious part played by Paris University in her condemnation: Siméon Luce; G. Hanotaux (Paris, 1911); Petit de Julleville (Les Saints Collection, Paris, Lecoffre, 1907); Andrew Lang (London, 1908): Mrs. Oliphant (Leaders of the Nation Series, New York); D. Lynch, S. J. (New York, 1919); Sarrazin, Jeanne d’Arc et la Normandie au XVe siècle (Rouen, 1896); F. Poulaine, Jeanne d’Arc à Rouen (Paris, 1899); Ch. Lemire, Jeanne d’Arc en Picardie et en Normandie (Paris, 1903); Le P. Denifle et Chatelain, Le procès Jeanne d’Arc et l’université de Paris (Paris); U. Chevalier, L’abjuration de Jeanne d’Arc; C. de Maleissye, “La prétendue abjuration de St. Ouen,” in Revue des Deux Mondes, February, 1911, p. 610. The study of Anatole France on Jeanne d’Arc is written from the rationalist standpoint that considers hers a case of hysteria fitted for medical science. No book on Jeanne equals the contemporary records. The report of her two trials in Rouen, and the testimony gathered from end to end of France to vindicate her memory in 1456, have been marshaled and clarified in a skilled legal manner by a magistrate of Rouen: E. O’Reilly, Les deux procès de condamnation ... et la sentence de réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, Pion, 1868), 2 vols. This masterly work should be translated into English. It is an example of the right way to write history. For Charles VII see Thomas Basin and Vallet de Viriville.
[351] Boisguillaume, second clerk of the Rouen court in 1431, Manchon’s assistant, testified before the three inquests for Jeanne’s rehabilitation. He drew attention to the fact that all who had been culpable of the Maid’s death had come to a swift or shameful end. Estivet was found dead in a gutter at the gates of Rouen; Loyseleur, the false confessor, was struck down suddenly; Cauchon expired ignominiously. “I call you to judgment before God for what you have done,” rang out Jeanne’s words to these unworthy churchmen on her last day. Nicolas Midi, of the Paris Parliament, who drew up the odious twelve accusations, and who sermonized Jeanne in the Old Market, was stricken with leprosy. A year after the execution died the young Duchess of Bedford, who had inflicted a gross outrage on Jeanne, and her death detached from the English cause her brother, the Duke of Burgundy. Her husband, John of Lancaster, regent-duke, brother of Henry V, died in full youth, three years later, and was buried in Rouen Cathedral. His nephew, Henry VI, was dispossessed of his English crown, imprisoned, and murdered.
[352] “‘Si j’y suis, Dieu m’y tienne; si je n’y suis, Dieu m’y veuille mettre: j’aimerais mieux mourir que de ne pas avoir l’amour de Dieu!’ A cette réponse, les juges restèrent stupéfaits et rompirent sur-le-champ.”—Testimony of the second clerk of the court, Boisguillaume, in 1450, before the inquest for the rehabilitation.
[353] The Norman, Siméon Luce, has written of Jeanne: “La Pucelle n’est pas seulement le type le plus achevé du patriotisme, elle est encore l’incarnation de notre pays dans ce qu’il a de meilleur. Il y a dans la physionomie de l’héroïne du XVe siècle, des traits qui la rattachent à la France de tous les temps, l’entrain belliqueux, la grâce légère, la gaieté prisesantière, l’esprit mordant, l’ironie méprisante en face de la force, la pitié pour les petits, les faibles, les malheureux, la tendresse pour les vaincus. De tels dons appartiennent à notre tradition nationale, et la libératrice d’Orléans les a possédés à un si haut degré que cette face de son génie a frappé tous ses admirateurs.”