[363] V. Ruprich-Robert, La cathédrale de Séez (Paris, Morel, 1885); Abbé L. V. Dumaine, La cathédrale de Séez, son histoire et ses beautés (Séez, 1894); H. Tournouër, “La cathédrale de Séez,” in Bulletin de la Soc. hist. et archéol. de l’Orne, 1897; Marais et Beaudouin, Essai hist. sur le cathédrale et le chapitre de Séez (Alençon, 1878); Robert Triger, “La cathédrale de Séez,” in Revue hist. et archéol. du Maine, 1900, vol. 47, p. 287; De la Sicotière et Poulet-Malassis, Le département de l’Orne, archéol. et pittoresque (Laigle, Beuzelin, 1845), folio; La Normandie monumentale et pittoresque. Orne, p. 101, on Séez, Abbé Barret; p. 1, St. Germain at Argentan, with a central lantern and elaborate late-Gothic porch; p. 41, Notre Dame at Alençon; p. 77, St. Évroult-de-Montfort, a late-XI century abbatial; p. 245, the monastery of La Trappe, in Séez diocese, established in 1122, and reformed in 1662 by the noted Abbé de Rancy.

[364] St. Gervais, at Falaise, has a good Romanesque tower consecrated in the presence of Henry I of England. The nave’s southern pier arcade is Romanesque, but the arches on the north side were reconstructed as Gothic at the same time that the vaults were redone during the XIII century. See Congrès Archéologique, 1848, 1864, and 1908, p. 367; Louis Régnier, “Falaise et la vallée d’Auge,” in Annuaire normand, 1892; Langevin, Recherches historiques sur Falaise; Meriel, Hist. de Falaise (1889); Black, Normandy and Picardy, Their Castles, Churches, and Footprints of William the Conqueror.

[365] Congrès Archéologique, 1853 and 1908, vol. 1, p. 145; Henri Prentout, Caen et Bayeux (Collection. Villes d’art célèbres), (Paris, H. Laurens); Abbé Lelieve, Bayeux, la cathédrale, les églises (Bayeux, Deslandes, 1907); Jean Vallery-Radot, La cathédrale de Bayeux, Thèse: École des chartes (1911); De Dion et Lesvignes, La cathédrale de Bayeux (Paris, A. Morel et Cie, 1861); Rev. R. S. Mylne, The Cathedral of Bayeux (London, 1904); Chigonesnel, Histoire de Bayeux (1867); Paul de Farcy, Abbayes du diocèse de Bayeux (Laval, 1886-88), 3 vols, (on Cerisy-la-Forêt, etc.); Arcisse de Caumont, Statistique monumentale du Calvados (Caen, F. Le Blanc-Hardel, 1898); G. Bouet, “Clochers du diocèse de Bayeux,” in Bulletin Monumental, vol. 17, p. 196; vol. 23, p. 362; vol. 25, 1859, p. 165; vol. 49, p. 465; Engerand, “La sculpture romane en Normandie,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1904; Histoire littéraire de la France, vol. 13, p. 518, “Robert Wace, chanoine de Bayeux, historien-poète”; V. Bourrienne, in Revue catholique de Normandie, on the bishops Odo de Conteville and Philippe d’Harcourt, vii to x, xviii to xxiii.

[366] The term Romanesque was put into usage by the archaeologist, Arcisse de Caumont (1802-73), to whom Bayeux has erected a statue. He also originated the useful term “Flamboyant.” His Norman Society of Antiquarians was a pioneer in the study of mediæval monuments. Another son of Bayeux, honored by a statue, is the poet, Alain Chartier (1386-1449), who lived to see his master, Charles VII, the conqueror of Normandy.

[367] A. Levé, La tapisserie de Bayeux (Paris, H. Laurens, 1919); Hilaire Belloc, The Bayeux Tapestry (London and New York, 1914); J. R. Fowke, The Bayeux Tapestry (London, G. Bell, 1898); Lefebvre des Mouettes, in Bulletin Monumental, 1912, p. 213; 1903, p. 84.

[368] Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, “Prologue.”

[369] Congrès Archéologique, 1883; and 1908, p. 247, “La cathédrale de Coutances,” E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, also published separately by H. Delesques, Caen, 1910; Abbé E. H. Pigéon, Histoire de la cathédrale de Coutances (Coutances, Salette fils, 1876); Alfred Ramée, “Cathédrale de Coutances,” in Revue des Soc. Savantes, 1880, p. 94; A. de Dion, in Bulletin Monumental, 1884, vol. 50, p. 620; 1865, p. 509, G. Bouet; 1872, p. 19, Regnault; Gabriel Fleury, in Revue ... archéol. du Maine, 1909, on the architect, Thomas Toustain; Regnault, Revue monumentale et historique de l’arrondissement de Coutances (St. Lô, 1860); C. de Gerville, “Recherches sur les abbayes de la Manche,” in Mém. de la Soc. des Antiquaires de Normandie, vol. 2, p. 77; ibid., Études géographiques et historiques sur le département de la Manche (Cherbourg, 1854).

[370] Near Hauteville-sur-mer are the ruins of Hambye Abbey, whose destruction was an irreparable loss for art, since its church was Primary Gothic. On the road from Coutances to Cherbourg is the abbatial of Lessay (a contemporary of St. Étienne at Caen), said by M. Arcisse de Caumont to be one of the purest models of Norman Romanesque, an austere monument of the XI-century type. Differences in the pier’s profiles show where, in the nave, the XII century resumed work. In this latter period Gothic ribs were prepared for from the planting of the piers, but the actual diagonals of the nave were built in the XIII century. Mr. John Bilson claims that the Gothic ribs of the two sections preceding the apse are of the XI century, which again brings up the controversy of priority in the use of diagonals.

The Cistercian church of La Blanche at Mortain was another abbatial of the Manche, dedicated in 1206. At Cerisy-la-Forêt the abbey church was begun (c. 1130) by the Fécamp school of William of Volpiano, continued by Duke Robert the Magnificent, and finished by his son William the Conqueror. The nave was built from west to east in the last quarter of the XI century, the apse slightly after 1100, the actual vaulting a century later. The religious wars and the Revolution sacked the abbatial; in 1811 its demolition was still going on.

Congrès Archéologique, 1908, p. 242, “Lessay,” Lefèvre-Pontalis; p. 553, “Cerisy-la-Forêt,” André Rhein; Congrès Archéologique, 1860, on Cherbourg; La Normandie monumentale et pittoresque. Manche, p. 173, “Lessay”; p. 1, “St. Lô”; p. 51, “Carentan”; p. 73, “Cerisy-la-Forêt”; p. 153, “Hambye”; R. Le Conte, Études hist. et archéol. sur les abbayes bénédictines en général, et sur celle de Hambye en particulier (Bernay, 1890).