[44] Schmid, Edgar III., 5; Ethelred II., 6.
[45] Edgar IV., 2.
[46] The writer was first led to doubt the correctness of the late Mr G. T. Clark’s theory of burhs by examining the A.-S. illustrated MSS. in the British Museum. On p. 29 of the MS. of Prudentius (Cleopatra, c. viii.), there is an excellent drawing of a four-sided enclosure, with towers at the angles, and battlemented walls of masonry. The title of the picture is “Virtutes urbem ingrediuntur,” and urbem is rendered in the A.-S. gloss as burh. See [Fig. 2].
[47] Florence translates burh as urbs nineteen times, as arx four times, as murum once, as munitio once, as civitas once.
[48] Published in 1884, but comprising a number of papers read to various archæological societies through many previous years, during which Mr Clark’s reputation as an archæologist appears to have been made.
[49] “Eallum thæm folc to gebeorge.” Birch’s Cartularium, ii., 222.
[50] Professor Maitland has claimed that the origin of the boroughs was largely military, the duty of maintaining the walls of the county borough being incumbent on the magnates of the shire. Domesday Book and Beyond, 189. See [Appendix C].
[51] Parker’s Domestic Architecture in England from Richard II. to Henry VIII., part ii., 256.
[52] A.-S. C., 1048.
[53] William of Jumièges, vii.-xvii.