[1044] See J. E. Lloyd, Cymmrodor, xi., 24; Skeat’s English Dictionary, “town.” In the “Dindsenchas of Erin,” edited by O’Beirne Crowe, Journ. R. S. A. I., 1872-1873, phrases occur, such as “the dun was open,” “she went back into the dun,” which show clearly that the dun was an enclosure. In several passages dun and cathair are interchanged.
[1045] Joyce, Irish Names of Places, p. 273.
[1046] Annals of the Four Masters, 1166.
[1047] See Orpen, “Motes and Norman Castles in Ireland,” in Journ. R. S. A. I., xxxvii., 143-147.
[1048] Sweetman’s Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, i., 412.
[1049] That a motte-castle of earth and wood seemed to Giraldus quite an adequate castle is proved by the fact that numbers of the castles which he mentions have never had any stone defences. It may be a mere coincidence, but it is worth noting, that there are no mottes now at any of the places which Giraldus mentions as exilia municipia, Pembroke, Dundunnolf, Down City, and Carrick.
[1050] This word must not be understood to mean that this new type of castle was Edward’s invention, nor even that he was the first to introduce it into Europe from Palestine; it was used by the Hohenstauffen emperors as early as 1224. See Köhler, Entwickelung des Kriegswesen, iii., 475.
[1051] Newcastle, Worcester, Gloucester, and Bristol are instances.
[1052] Rhuddlan is an instance of this.
[1053] Book of Rights, p. 203.