[1134] Enlart, Manuel d’Archæologie, ii., 516. “Jusqu’au milieu du xiiième siècle, et dans les exemples les plus simples des époques qui suivent, le donjon est bien près de constituer à lui seul tout le château.”
[1135] Abriss der Burgenkunde, 50-60.
[1136] Entwickelung des Kriegswesen, iii., 352 and 428. No continental writers are entirely to be trusted about English castles; they generally get their information from Clark, and it is generally wrong.
[1137] This of course explains why the castle of London is always called The Tower; it was originally the only tower in the fortress.
[1138] The Close Rolls mention palicia or stockades at the castles of Norwich, York, Devizes, Oxford, Sarum, Fotheringay, Hereford, Mountsorel, and Dover.
[1139] Close Rolls, i., 195a and 389.
[1140] See Chapter VI., [p. 89], and [Appendix O].
[1141] Piper states that the evidence of remains proves that the lower storey was a prison. But these remains probably belong to a later date, when the donjon had been abandoned as a residence, and was becoming the dungeon to which prisoners were committed. The top storey of the keep was often used in early times as a prison for important offenders, such as Conan of Rouen, William, the brother of Duke Richard II., and Ranulf Flambard.
[1142] See [Appendix P].
[1143] At Conisburgh and Orford castles there are ovens on the roofs, showing that the cooking was carried on there; these are keeps of Henry II.’s time.