[1184] Entwickelung des Kriegswesen, iii., 417.
[1185] In 1186, the Duke of Burgundy caused the towers and walls of his castle of Chatillon to be “hoarded” (hordiari). This duke had been a companion of Richard’s on the third crusade. William le Breton, Philippides, line 600. Richard’s hurdicia at Chateau Gaillard were two years earlier.
[1186] See Dieulafoy, Le Chateau Gaillard et l’Architecture Militaire au Treizième Siècle, p. 13.
[1187] The best French and German authorities are agreed about this. The holes in which the wooden beams supporting the hurdicia were placed may still be seen in many English castles, and so may the remains of the stone brackets. They would be good indications of date, were it not that hurdicia could so easily be added to a much older building.
[1188] Köhler gives the reign of Frederic Barbarossa (1155-1191) as the time of the first appearance of the round keep in Germany.
[1189] In spite of this, I cannot feel satisfied that the keep of Étampes is of so early a date. The decorative features appear early, but the second and third storeys are both vaulted, which is a late sign. The keep called Clifford’s Tower at York, built by Henry III. 1245 to 1259, is on the same plan as Étampes.
[1190] This keep has been long destroyed.
[1191] Ground entrances occur in several much earlier keeps, as at Colchester (almost certainly an addition of Henry I.’s time), Bamborough (probably Henry II.’s reign), and Richmond, where Earl Conan seems to have used a former entrance gateway to make the basement entrance of his keep. See Milward, Arch. Journ., vol. v.
[1192] Built by Earl Hamelin, half-brother of Henry II., who died in 1201.
[1193] Viollet le Duc, art. “Donjon.”