ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE.
LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.
January, 1911.
Contents
- [Preface]
- [Contents]
- [List Of Maps.]
- [Chapter I—The Operation Of Geographic Factors In History]
- [Man a product of the earth's surface.]
- [Stability of geographic factors in history.]
- [Persistent effect of remoteness.]
- [Effect of proximity.]
- [Persistent effect of natural barriers.]
- [Persistent effect of nature-made highways.]
- [Regions of historical similarity.]
- [Climatic influences.]
- [The relation of geography to history.]
- [Multiplicity of geographic factors.]
- [Evolution of geographic relations.]
- [Evolution of world relations.]
- [Interplay of geographic factors.]
- [Land and sea in co-operation.]
- [Land and sea opposed.]
- [Local and remote geographic factors.]
- [Direct and indirect effects of environment.]
- [Indirect mental effects.]
- [Indirect effects in differentiation of colonial peoples.]
- [Indirect effect through isolation.]
- [General importance of indirect effects.]
- [Indirect political and moral effects.]
- [Time element.]
- [Effect of a previous habitat.]
- [Transplanted religions.]
- [Partial response to environment]
- [The case of Spain.]
- [Sporadic response to a new environment.]
- [The larger conception of the environment.]
- [Unity of the earth.]
- [Chapter II—Classes Of Geographic Influences]
- [Physical effects.]
- [Variation and natural conditions.]
- [Stature and environment]
- [Physical effects of dominant activities.]
- [Effects of climate.]
- [Acclimatization]
- [Pigmentation and climate.]
- [Pigmentation and altitude]
- [Difficulty of Generalization]
- [Psychical effects.]
- [Indirect effect upon language]
- [The great man in history.]
- [Economic and social effects.]
- [Size of the social group.]
- [Effect upon movements of peoples.]
- [River routes.]
- [Segregation and accessibility.]
- [Change of habitat.]
- [Retrogression in new habitat.]
- [The Boers of South Africa]
- [Chapter III—Society And State In Relation To The Land]
- [People and land.]
- [Political geography and history.]
- [Political versus social geography.]
- [Land basis of society.]
- [Morgan's Societas.]
- [Land bond in hunter tribes.]
- [Land bond in fisher tribes.]
- [Land bond in pastoral societies.]
- [Geographical mark of low-type societies.]
- [Land and state.]
- [Strength of the land bond in the state.]
- [Weak land tenure of hunting and pastoral tribes.]
- [Land and food supply.]
- [Advance from natural to artificial basis of subsistence.]
- [Land in relation to agriculture.]
- [Migratory agriculture]
- [Geographic checks to progress.]
- [Native animal and plant life as factors.]
- [Land per capita under various cultural and geographic conditions.]
- [Density of population and government.]
- [Territorial expansion of the state.]
- [Checks to population.]
- [Extra-territorial relations.]
- [Geography in the philosophy of history.]
- [Theory of progress from the standpoint of geography.]
- [Man's increasing dependence upon nature.]
- [Increase in kind and amount.]
- [Chapter IV—The Movements Of Peoples In Their Geographical Significance]
- [Universality of these movements.]
- [Stratification of races]
- [The name Historical Movement.]
- [Evolution of the Historical Movement.]
- [Nature of primitive movements.]
- [Number and range.]
- [Importance of such movements in history.]
- [Geographical interpretation of historical movement.]
- [Mobility of primitive peoples.]
- [Natural barriers to movement.]
- [Effect of geographical horizon.]
- [Civilization and mobility.]
- [Diffusion of culture.]
- [Ethnic intermixture.]
- [Complex currents of migration.]
- [Cultural modification during migration.]
- [Effect of early maritime migration.]
- [The transit land.]
- [War as a form of the historical movement.]
- [Primitive war.]
- [Slavery as form of historical movement.]
- [Fusion by deported and military colonies.]
- [Withdrawal and flight.]
- [Dispersal in flight.]
- [Natural regions of retreat.]
- [Emigration and colonization.]
- [Commerce.]
- [Commerce a guide to various movements.]
- [Movements due to religion.]
- [Religious pilgrimages.]
- [Historical movement and race distribution.]
- [Migrations in relation to zones and heat belts.]
- [Range of movements in Asia.]
- [Range of movements in Africa.]
- [Colonization and latitude.]
- [Movement to like geographic conditions.]
- [Movement to better geographic conditions.]
- [Southward and westward drifts in the northern hemisphere.]
- [Eastward movements.]
- [Return movements.]
- [Regions of attraction and repulsion.]
- [Psychical influences in certain movements.]
- [Results of historical movement.]
- [Differentiation and area.]
- [Contrasted environments.]
- [Two-type populations.]
- [Differentiation and isolation.]
- [Differentiation and digression.]
- [Geographic conditions of heterogeneity and homgeneity.]
- [Differentiation versus assimilation.]
- [Elimination by historical movement.]
- [No new ethnic types.]
- [Checks to differentiation.]
- [Geographical origins.]
- [Large centers of dispersion.]
- [Small centers.]
- [Tests of origin.]
- [Chapter V—Geographical Location]
- [Importance of geographical location.]
- [Content of the term location.]
- [Intercontinental location.]
- [Natural versus vicinal location.]
- [Naturally defined location.]
- [Vicinal location.]
- [Vicinal groups of similar or diverse race and culture.]
- [Thalassic vicinal location.]
- [Complementary locations.]
- [Types of location.]
- [Continuous and scattered location.]
- [Central versus peripheral location.]
- [Danger of central location.]
- [Mutual relations between center and periphery.]
- [Inland and coastward expansion.]
- [Russian expansion in Asia.]
- [Periphery as goal of expansion.]
- [Reaction between center and periphery.]
- [Periphery of colonization.]
- [Dominant historical side.]
- [The Mediterranean side of Europe.]
- [Change of historical front.]
- [Contrasted historical sides.]
- [One-sided historical relations.]
- [Scattered location due to geographic conditions.]
- [Island way station on maritime routes.]
- [Scattered location of primitive tribes.]
- [Ethnic islands of expansion.]
- [Political islands of expansion.]
- [Ethnic islands of survival.]
- [Discontinuous distribution.]
- [Contrasted location.]
- [Geographical polarity.]
- [Geographical marks of growth.]
- [Marks of inland expansion.]
- [Marks of decline.]
- [Interpretation of scattered and marginal location.]
- [Prevalence of ethnic islands of decline.]
- [Contrast between ethnic islands of growth and decline.]
- [Chapter VI—Geographical Area]
- [The size of the earth.]
- [Relation of area to life.]
- [The struggle for space.]
- [Area an index of social and political development.]
- [The Oikoumene.]
- [Unity of the human species in the relation to the earth.]
- [Isolation and differentiation.]
- [Monotonous race type of small area.]
- [Wide race distribution and inner diversities.]
- [Area and language.]
- [Large area a guarantee of racial or national permanence.]
- [Weakness of small states.]
- [Contrast of large and small areas in bio-geography.]
- [Political domination of large areas.]
- [Area and literature.]
- [Small geographic base of primitive societies.]
- [Influence of small confined areas.]
- [The process of territorial growth.]
- [Area and growth.]
- [Historical advance from small to large areas.]
- [Gradations in area and in development.]
- [Preliminaries to ethnic and political expansion.]
- [Significance of sphere of activity or influence.]
- [Nature of expansion in new and old countries.]
- [Relation of ethnic to political expansion.]
- [Relation of people and state to political boundary.]
- [Expansion of civilization.]
- [Cultural advantages of large political area.]
- [Politico-economic advantages.]
- [Political area and the national horizon.]
- [National estimates of area.]
- [Estimates of area in small maritime states.]
- [Limitations of small territorial conceptions.]
- [Evolution of territorial policies.]
- [Colonial expansion.]
- [The mind of colonials.]
- [Colonials as road builders.]
- [Practical bent of colonials.]
- [Chapter VII—Geographical Boundaries]
- [The boundary zone in nature.]
- [Gradations in the boundary zone.]
- [Oscillating boundaries]
- [Altitude boundary zones.]
- ['Wallace's Line' a typical boundary zone.]
- [Boundaries as limits of movements or expansion.]
- [Peoples as barriers.]
- [Boundary zone as index of growth or decline.]
- [Breadth of the boundary zone.]
- [The broad frontier zone of active expansion.]
- [Economic factors in expanding frontiers.]
- [Value of barrier boundaries.]
- [The sea as the absolute boundary]
- [Natural boundaries as bases of ethnic and political boundaries.]
- [Primitive waste boundaries.]
- [Border wastes of Indian lands.]
- [Alien intrusions into border wastes.]
- [Politico-economic significance of the waste boundary.]
- [Common boundary districts.]
- [Tariff free zones.]
- [Boundary zones of mingled race elements.]
- [Ethnic border zones in the Alps.]
- [The Slav-German boundary.]
- [Assimilation of culture in boundary zones.]
- [Boundary zones of assimilation in Asia.]
- [Boundary zones of mountain Tibet.]
- [Relation of ethnic and cultural assimilation.]
- [The boundary zone in political expansion.]
- [Tendency toward defection along political frontiers.]
- [Centrifugal forces on the frontier.]
- [The spirit of colonial frontiers.]
- [Free border states as political survivals.]
- [Guardians of the marches.]
- [Border nomads as frontier police.]
- [Lawless citizens deported to frontiers.]
- [Drift of lawless elements to the frontiers.]
- [Asylums beyond the border.]
- [Border refugees and ethnic mingling.]
- [Chapter VIII—Coast Peoples]
- [The coast a zone of transition.]
- [Width of coastal zones.]
- [The inner edge.]
- [Inner edge as head of sea navigation.]
- [Shifting of the inner edge.]
- [Artificial extension of inner edge.]
- [Outer edge in original settlement.]
- [Outer edge in early navigation.]
- [Outer edge and piracy.]
- [Outer edge in colonization.]
- [Inland advance of colonies.]
- [Interpenetration of land and sea.]
- [Ratio of shoreline to area.]
- [Criticism of this formula.]
- [Accessibility of coasts from hinterland.]
- [Mountain-barred hinterlands.]
- [Accessible hinterlands.]
- [Accessibility of coasts from the sea.]
- [Embayed coasts.]
- [Maritime activity on steep embayed coasts.]
- [Contrasted coastal belts.]
- [Evolution of ports.]
- [Offshore islands.]
- [Offshore islands as vestibules of the mainland.]
- [Previous habitat of coast-dwellers.]
- [Habitability of coasts as factor in maritime development.]
- [Geographic conditions for brilliant maritime development.]
- [Soil of coastlands as factor.]
- [Barren coast of fertile hinterland.]
- [Ethnic contrast between coast and interior peoples.]
- [Ethnic contrasts in the Pacific islands.]
- [Ethnic contrasts in the Americas.]
- [Older ethnic stock in coastlands.]
- [Ethnic amalgamations in coastlands.]
- [Multiplicity of race elements on coasts.]
- [Lingua franca of coasts.]
- [Coast-dwellers as middlemen.]
- [Monopoly of trade with the hinterland.]
- [Differentiation of coast from inland people.]
- [Early civilization of coasts.]
- [Retarded coastal peoples.]
- [Cultural contrast of coast and interior.]
- [Progress from thalassic to oceanic coasts.]
- [Geographic location of coasts.]
- [Intermediate location between contrasted coasts.]
- [Historical decline of certain coasts.]
- [Political factors in this decline.]
- [Physical causes of decline.]
- [Interplay of geographic factors in coastlands.]
- [Chapter IX—Oceans And Enclosed Seas]
- [The water a factor in man's mobility.]
- [Oceans and seas in universal history.]
- [The sea in universal history.]
- [Origin of navigation.]
- [Primitive forms.]
- [Primitive craft in arid lands.]
- [Relation of the river to marine navigation.]
- [Retarded navigation.]
- [Regions of advanced navigation.]
- [Geographic conditions in Polynesia.]
- [Mediterranean versus Atlantic seamanship.]
- [Three geographic stages of maritime development.]
- [Influence of enclosed seas upon navigation.]
- [Enclosed seas as areas of ethnic and cultural assimilation.]
- [North Sea and Baltic basins.]
- [Bering Sea.]
- [Red Sea basin.]
- [Assimilation facilitated by ethnic kinship.]
- [Chinese expansion seaward.]
- [Importance of zonal and continental location.]
- [Thalassic character of the Indian Ocean.]
- [The sea route to the Orient.]
- [Limitation of small area in enclosed seas.]
- [Successive maritime periods in history.]
- [Contrasted historical rôles of northern and southern hemispheres.]
- [Size of the oceans]
- [Neutrality of the seas, its evolution.]
- [Chapter X—Man's Relation To The Water]
- [Protection of a water frontier.]
- [Ancient pile villages.]
- [Present distribution.]
- [Malayan pile dwellings.]
- [In Melanesia.]
- [River dwellers in populous lands.]
- [Reclamation of land from the sea.]
- [The struggle with the water.]
- [Mound villages in river flood-plains.]
- [Diking of rivers.]
- [Social gain by control of the water.]
- [Control of water as factor in early civilizations of arid lands.]
- [Cultural areas in primitive America.]
- [Economy of the water: fisheries.]
- [Fisheries as factors in maritime expansion.]
- [Fisheries as nurseries of seamen.]
- [Anthropo-geographic importance of navigation.]
- [Chapter XI—The Anthropo-Geography Of Rivers]
- [Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea.]
- [Sea navigation merges into river navigation.]
- [Historical importance of seas and oceans influenced by their debouching streams.]
- [Baltic and White Sea rivers.]
- [Atlantic and Pacific rivers.]
- [Lack of coast articulations supplied by rivers.]
- [River highways as basis of commercial preeminence.]
- [Importance of rivers in large countries.]
- [Rivers as highways of expansion.]
- [Siberian rivers and Russian expansion.]
- [Determinants of routes in arid or semi-arid lands.]
- [Wadi routes in arid lands.]
- [Increasing historical importance from source to mouth.]
- [Location at hydrographic centers.]
- [Effect of current upon trade and expansion.]
- [Importance of mouth to upstream people.]
- [Prevention of monopoly of river mouth.]
- [Motive for canals in lower course.]
- [Watershed canals.]
- [Rivers and railroads.]
- [Relation of rivers to railroads in recent colonial lands.]
- [Unity of a river system.]
- [The effect of common water supply in arid lands.]
- [Union of opposite river banks.]
- [Tendency toward ethnic and cultural unity in a river valley.]
- [Identity of country with river valley.]
- [Enclosed river valleys.]
- [Rivers as boundaries of races and peoples.]
- [Scientific river boundaries.]
- [Rivers as political boundaries.]
- [Fluvial settlements and peoples.]
- [Riparian villages of French Canada.]
- [Boatmen tribes or castes.]
- [River islands as protected sites.]
- [River and lake islands as robber strongholds.]
- [River peninsulas as protected sites.]
- [River islands as sites of trading posts and colonies.]
- [Swamps as barriers and boundaries.]
- [Swamps as regions of survival.]
- [Swamps as places of refuge.]
- [The spirit of the marshes.]
- [Economic and political importance of lakes.]
- [Lakes as nuclei of states.]
- [Lakes as fresh water seas.]
- [Chapter XII—Continents And Their Peninsulas]
- [Insularity of the land-masses.]
- [Classification of land-masses according to size and location.]
- [Effect of size of land-masses.]
- [Independence of location versus independence of size.]
- [The case of Asia.]
- [Location of hemispheres and ethnic kinship.]
- [Continental convergence and ethnic kinship.]
- [Africa's location.]
- [The Atlantic abyss.]
- [Atlantic islands uninhabited.]
- [Geographical character of the Pacific.]
- [Pacific affinities of North American Indians.]
- [Polynesian affinities.]
- [The real Orient of the World.]
- [The Atlantic abyss in historic movements of peoples.]
- [Races and continents.]
- [Contrast of the northern and southern continents.]
- [Isolation of the southern continents.]
- [Effect of continental structure upon historical development.]
- [Structure of North and South America.]
- [Cultural superiority of the Pacific slope Indians.]
- [Lack of segregated districts.]
- [Coast articulations of continents.]
- [Importance of size in continental articulations.]
- [Historical contrast of large and small peninsulas.]
- [Peninsular conditions most favorable to historical development.]
- [Length of coastline.]
- [The continental base of the peninsulas.]
- [Continental base a zone of transition.]
- [Historical contrast between base and extremity.]
- [Continental base a scene of invasion and war.]
- [Peninsular extremities as areas of isolation.]
- [Ethnic unity of peninsulas.]
- [Peninsulas as intermediaries.]
- [Peninsulas of intercontinental location.]
- [Atlantic peninsulas of Europe]
- [Chapter XIII—Island Peoples]
- [Physical relationship between islands and peninsulas.]
- [Character of insular flora and fauna.]
- [Endemic forms.]
- [Paradoxical influences of island habitats upon man.]
- [Conservative and radical tendencies.]
- [The case of Japan.]
- [Islands as nurseries and disseminators of distinctive civilizations.]
- [Ancient Cretan civilization.]
- [Limitation of small area in insular history.]
- [Sources of ethnic stock of islands.]
- [Ethnic divergence with increased isolation.]
- [Differentiation of peoples and civilizations on islands.]
- [Differentiation of language in islands.]
- [Archaic forms of speech in islands.]
- [Unification of race in islands.]
- [Remoter sources of island populations.]
- [Double sources.]
- [Mixed population of small thalassic isles.]
- [Mixed population of island markets.]
- [Thalassic islands as goals of expansion.]
- [Political detachability of islands.]
- [Insular weakness due to small area.]
- [Island remains of broken empires.]
- [Political autonomy of islands based upon area and location.]
- [Historical effects of island isolation; primitive retardation.]
- [Later stimulation of development.]
- [Excessive isolation.]
- [The case of Iceland.]
- [Protection of an island environment.]
- [Factor of protection in Ceylon and Japan.]
- [Character of the invaders as factor.]
- [Islands as places of refuge.]
- [Convict islands.]
- [Penal colonies on uninhabited islands.]
- [Island prisons for political offenders.]
- [Islands as places of survival.]
- [Insular survivals of manners and customs.]
- [Effects of small area in islands.]
- [Political dominion of small islands.]
- [Economic limitations of their small area.]
- [Poverty of alluvial lowlands in islands.]
- [Dense populations of islands.]
- [Density of population in Polynesia.]
- [Various causes of this density.]
- [Crowded and vacant islands.]
- [Oceanic climate as factor.]
- [Relation of density to area.]
- [Island resorts.]
- [Density of population affected by focal location for trade.]
- [Overflow of island population to the mainland.]
- [Precocious development of island agriculture.]
- [Melanesian agriculture.]
- [Intensive tillage.]
- [Japanese agriculture.]
- [The case of England.]
- [Emigration and colonization from islands.]
- [Modern emigration from islands.]
- [Maritime enterprise as outlet.]
- [Artificial checks to population.]
- [Polyandry.]
- [Infanticide.]
- [Approved by the state.]
- [Low valuation of human life.]
- [Cannibalism in islands.]
- [Chapter XIV—Plains, Steppes And Deserts]
- [Relief of the sea floor.]
- [Mean elevations of the continents.]
- [Distribution of reliefs.]
- [Homologous relief and homologous histories.]
- [Anthropo-geography of lowlands.]
- [Extensive plains unfavorable to early development.]
- [Conditions for fusion in plains.]
- [Retardation due to monotonous environment.]
- [Value of slight elevations.]
- [Plains and political expansion.]
- [Arid plains.]
- [Distribution and extent of arid plains.]
- [Pastoral life.]
- [Pastoral nomads of Arctic plains.]
- [Historical importance of steppe nomads.]
- [Mobility of pastoral nomads.]
- [Tendency to trek.]
- [Seasonal migrations.]
- [Marauding expeditions.]
- [Depredation and conquests of African nomads.]
- [Forms of defense against nomad depredations.]
- [Pastoral life as a training for soldiers.]
- [Military organization of nomads.]
- [Capacity for conquest and political consolidation.]
- [Scope of nomad conquests.]
- [Centralization versus decentralization in nomadism.]
- [Spirit of independence among nomads.]
- [Resistance to conquest.]
- [Curtailment of nomadism.]
- [Supplementary agriculture of pastoral nomads.]
- [Irrigation and horticulture.]
- [Effect of diminishing water supply.]
- [Scant diet of nomads.]
- [Checks to population.]
- [Trade of nomads.]
- [Pastoral nomads as middlemen.]
- [Desert markets.]
- [Nomad industries.]
- [Oriental rugs.]
- [Architecture of nomad conquerors.]
- [Arid lands as areas of arrested development.]
- [Mental and moral qualities of nomads.]
- [Religion of pastoral nomads.]
- [Fanaticism as a force in nomad expansion.]
- [The faith of the desert.]
- [Chapter XV—Mountain Barriers And Their Passes]
- [Man as part of the mobile envelope of the earth.]
- [Inaccessibility of mountains.]
- [Mountains as transit regions.]
- [Transition forms of relief between highlands and lowlands.]
- [Importance of transition slopes.]
- [Piedmont belts as boundary zones.]
- [Density of population in piedmont belts.]
- [Piedmont towns and roads.]
- [Piedmont termini of transmontane routes.]
- [Cities of coastal piedmonts.]
- [Piedmonts as colonial or backwoods frontiers.]
- [Mountain carriers.]
- [Power of mountain barriers to block or deflect.]
- [Significance of mountain valleys.]
- [Longitudinal valleys.]
- [Passes in mountain barriers.]
- [Breadth of mountain barriers.]
- [Circuitous routes through folded mountains.]
- [Dominant trans-montane routes.]
- [Brenner route.]
- [Pass of Belfort.]
- [Mohawk route.]
- [Height in mountain barriers.]
- [Contrasted accessibility of opposite slopes.]
- [Its ethnic effects.]
- [Persistence of barrier nature.]
- [Importance of mountain passes.]
- [Persistent influence of passes.]
- [Geographic factors in the historical importance of passes.]
- [Intermarine mountains.]
- [Pass roads between regions of contrasted production]
- [Passes determine trans-montane roads.]
- [Navigable river approaches to passes.]
- [Types of settlements in the valley approaches.]
- [Lower settlements.]
- [Pass cities and their markets.]
- [Pass peoples.]
- [Transit duties.]
- [Strategic power of pass states.]
- [Chapter XVI—Influences Of A Mountain Environment]
- [Zones of altitude.]
- [Politico-economic value of varied relief.]
- [Relief and climate.]
- [Altitude zones of economic and cultural development.]
- [Altitude and density belts in tropical highlands.]
- [Increasing density with motive of protection.]
- [Motive of protection in primitive peoples.]
- [Geographic conditions affecting density of mountain population.]
- [Sparsity of population in the Alps.]
- [Terrace agriculture.]
- [Geographical distribution.]
- [Terrace culture of the Saracens.]
- [In the Himalayas.]
- [In Tibet and China.]
- [In ancient Peru.]
- [Terrace agriculture in mountainous islands.]
- [Among mountain savages.]
- [Fertilizing]
- [Economy of level land for houses and villages.]
- [Perpendicular villages]
- [Mountain pastures and stock-raising.]
- [Mountain herdsman and shepherds.]
- [Communal ownership of mountain pastures.]
- [Haymaking in high mountains.]
- [Methods of curing hay in mountains.]
- [Winter industries of mountain peoples.]
- [Overpopulation and emigration.]
- [Forms of temporary emigration.]
- [Permanent emigration.]
- [Polyandry.]
- [Female infanticide.]
- [Effects of polyandry and polygamy.]
- [Marauding tendencies in mountaineers]
- [Cattle-lifting.]
- [Historical results of mountain raiding.]
- [Conquest of mountain regions]
- [Political dismemberment of mountain peoples.]
- [Individualism and independence]
- [Types of mountain states.]
- [Significance of their small size.]
- [Slight power of mountain chiefs.]
- [Mountain isolation and differentiation.]
- [Survival of primitive races in mountains.]
- [Diversity of peoples and dialects.]
- [Constriction of mountain areas of ethnic survivals.]
- [Isolation and retardation of mountain regions.]
- [Conservatism of mountain peoples.]
- [Mental and moral qualities.]
- [Chapter XVII—The Influence Of Climate]
- [Importance of climatic influences.]
- [Climate in the interplay of geographic factors.]
- [Direct and indirect effects of climate.]
- [Effect of climate upon relief.]
- [Climate limits the habitable area.]
- [Adaptability of man to climatic extremes.]
- [Temperature as modified by oceans and winds.]
- [Effect of the westerlies.]
- [Rainfall.]
- [Temperature and zonal location.]
- [Reactions of contrasted zones.]
- [Temperate products from tropical highlands.]
- [Isothermal lines in anthropo-geography.]
- [Historical effect of compressed isotherms.]
- [Effect of slight climatic differences.]
- [Effect of climate upon distribution of immigration]
- [Climate and race temperament.]
- [Contrasted temperaments in the same nation.]
- [Complexity of the geographic problem.]
- [Monotonous climatic conditions.]
- [The effects of Arctic cold.]
- [Similarity of cultural development.]
- [Cold and health]
- [The small amount of tropical emigration]
- [Effects of tropical climate.]
- [Historical significance of deterioration]
- [The problem of acclimatization.]
- [Historical importance of the temperate zones.]
- [Effects of contrasted seasons.]
- [Effects of length of seasons.]
- [Effect of long winters.]
- [Complexity of climatic effects.]
- [Social effects of long winters.]
- [Zones of culture.]
- [The cradle of civilization.]
- [Notes]