Influences of Geographic Environment / On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography

by Ellen Churchill Semple

Felix Dubois, Timbuctoo, pp. 256, 324-325. Translated from the French, New York, 1896.

Heinrich Barth, Travels in North and Central Africa, Vol. I, pp. 287-288, 293, 305. New York, 1857.

Felix Dubois, Timbuctoo, pp. 133-134, 203, 206-207, 229, 232, 239-245. New York, 1896.

Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, Vol. II, pp. 1-2, 6, 16-18, 80. London, 1907.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman. Empire, Vol. V, p. 87. New York, 1858.

Pliny, Historia Naturalis, V, 3.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. II, p. 495. New York, 1858.

Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia, p. 340. Boston, 1907.

Pallas, Travels in the Southern Provinces of Russia in 1793-1794, Vol. II, p. 4. London, 1812.

Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 94, 256.