2. What may be concluded from the physical signs (congenital amputations) present in this case before the development of mental symptoms? Some cases of juvenile paresis appear to show no physical signs whatever in childhood. While these amputations might be the accidental result of a difficult delivery, it is more probable that they are due to a syphilitic process.
Juvenile paresis—congenital amputation of digits. This case reached fourth grade in school before deterioration.
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS is apparently capable of producing simple FEEBLEMINDEDNESS (that is, a form of disease non-paretic, non-tabetic, without special tendency to progression, and without tendency to vascular insults).
Case 37. Isaac Goldstein was a small boy of six years and seven months, with a father known to be suffering from general paresis. The child was very irritable and nervous and very difficult to manage, but would hardly have been the subject of medical attention except in a family study suggested by the paresis of the father.
The child had been born at term and had apparently undergone a normal development. Physically, he showed no definite signs of congenital syphilis. In fact, the physical examination was to all intents and purposes negative. The W. R. of the serum, however, proved to be positive. Mental tests showed that his mental age was that of a child of a little over five years. Taking all things into account, it is probable that he should be regarded, therefore, as somewhat retarded mentally.
1. Is syphilis answerable for the mental retardation in this case? Provided that the family is free from feeblemindedness and mental disease, it would seem that the retardation of a congenital syphilitic should perhaps be regarded as syphilitic in origin. Of course, the institutions for the feebleminded have not shown exceedingly high percentages of syphilitic children in various W. R. surveys; still, the percentage of positive reactions in institutions for the feebleminded is clearly higher than the incidence of congenital syphilis shown in the population at large. Hence, we may conclude that syphilis is one of the etiological factors in the production of feeblemindedness. Dr. W. E. Fernald, of the Waverley School for the Feebleminded, has recently pointed out that the syphilitic cases belong rather in the lower grades (idiots and imbeciles) of feeblemindedness than in the higher (morons).
2. Can we guess what the pathological anatomy and histology of the brain may be in such cases? The Waverley studies now in process seem to indicate that some cases have little or no gross alterations, but show a few slight traces of lymphocytic accumulations discovered upon extended search, and a certain tendency to the appearance of rod cells in various foci. But the whole matter is still sub judice. It is a question whether these traces of chronic inflammation are the residuals of a more active process or the beginnings of a process that is about to be more active.
3. How characteristic is a positive W. R. in the serum of a child without physical stigmata of congenital syphilis? If we limit the term stigmata to the major and more important signs, we must reply that it is not unusual to find positive W. R.’s in sera of physically normal-looking children. Except in family studies, such cases will often escape notice, either because there are no stigmata whatever, or because such stigmata as exist are of a minor nature and regarded as unimportant anomalies. Some of these cases occur in the clinics later in life as so-called syphilis hereditaria tarda. If one wishes to discover these cases with late development of symptoms before their full bloom, the most obvious method is to examine carefully the children of known syphilitics.
