Ancient calendars and constellations

by Emmeline M. Plunket

3,050 B.C. Lat. 23° N.

4,128 B.C. Lat. 40° N.

Constellations above Southern Horizon.
Invisible—Noon, Winter Solstice.
Visible—Midnight, Summer Solstice.

FIG. 1.

INDEX

• Ab ab-gar, [4]
• Abba uddu, [4]
• Abel, [164]
• Abhra, [113]
• Abib, [165], [166], [168], [170]
• Aboo Simbel, [39], [40], [41]
• Abraham, [167]
• Abu, [2], [4]
• Accad, [6], [52]-[57], [80]. See [Calendar]
• Achæmenid kings, [60], [73]
• Açvinî. See [Aswinī]
• Adar, Adaru, [2]-[6], [69]
• A’ditya, [253]
• Agane, [151]
• Agni, [125]-[131], [138], [140], [153], [172], [181], [183]
• Agrahayani, [228]
• Ahi, [111]. See [Vritra]
• Ahura Mazda, [60], [64], [65], [73]-[76], [81]-[83], [149]-[155], [172], [227]
• Airu, [2], [4], [11]
• Aitareya Brahmana, [140]
• Akiba, Rabbi, [163]
• Albumassar, [17], [18]
• Alexander, [25], [91], [103]
• Algol, [246]
• Alphonsus, [23]
• Altair, [67]
• Amen, [32]-[41]
• Amen-Ra, [32]-[34], [39]-[41]
• Amon. See [Amen]
• Amphora, [44], [45], [67], [79], [204], [223], [233], [236]
• Andromeda, [239]-[244], [246]
• Anna, [48]
• Apām Napāt, [126]
• Apin-am-a, [4]
• Apis Bull, [218], [233]-[235]
• Apollo, [156]
• Apollonius of Tyana, [97]
• Aptya. See [Trita]
• Aquarii β, [196]
• Aquarius, [9], [40], [44]-[47], [51]-[57], [66]-[70], [79], [80], [83], [123], [124], [129]-[132], [144], [174]-[179], [197], [199], [202], [209], [221]-[223], [232]-[235], [241], [250], [251], [255]
• Aqrabu, [44]
• Aquila, [66]-[70], [80], [124], [248]
• Arakh-makru, [4]
• Arakh-samna, [2], [4]
• Aratos, [216], [224]-[227], [241], [242]
• Archer. See [Sagittarius]
• Arcitenens, [44]
• Argo, [248]
• Aries, [1]-[19], [24]-[44], [53]-[57], [92], [94], [104], [145]-[147], [170], [171], [186]-[190], [209], [210], [217], [218], [220], [224], [235], [245], [251]
• Arietis α and β, [94], [137], [142], [143], [251]
• Arsacidæ, [4]
• Artemis, [156], [157], [160]
• Arū, [44]
• Aryaman, [252]
• As a-an, [4]
• Assara Mazas, [149], [150]
• Assur, [74]-[79], [83], [84], [86], [150]-[155], [227]
• Assurbanipal, [6], [69]
• Assyrian Standard, [77]-[80], [83], [86]
• Asteria, [179]
• Asura, [81], [82], [85], [86], [112], [150]-[153], [182], [183]
• Asura maha, [153]
• Aswamedha, [244], [251]
• Aswinī, [92]-[94], [104], [132], [134], [136]-[148], [172], [181], [183], [187], [188], [210], [251], [253]
• Aswins, the. See [Aswinī]
• Atharva Veda, [94], [133], [136]
• Atri, [141], [181]-[184]
• Attic year, [180]
• Auriga, [245], [246]
• Ava, [85]
• Avesta. See [Zend Avesta]
• Áyu, [252]
• Babylonia. See [Calendar]
• Bahu. See [Bau]
• Bailly, Jean Silvain, [17], [20], [26], [27], [29]
• Barrett, Dr, [222]
• Bar zig-gar, [4], [7], [10], [13]-[15], [53], [104], [165], [166], [171], [172]
• Bau, [47]-[55], [57], [69], [210]-[212]
• Bel, [16], [81]
• Bel-Merodach, [69]
• Bélier. See [Aries]
• Beltis, [16]
• Bentley, Mr, [100]
• Bergaigne, [140], [143]
• Berosus, [18], [83]
• Bethel, [233]
• Bible, the, [21], [84], [164]-[170]
• Bodhanundánath Swami, [157]
• Boötes, [223]-[226]
• British Museum, [3], [8]
• Brown, Robert, [224], [226], [247]
• Browne, Bishop, [21]
• Brugsch, [33]
• Bull. See [Taurus]
• Bulls, Assyrian, [87]
• Burgess, [90], [93], [98]
• Cain, [164]
• Calendar, Accadian, [1]-[23], [57]-[58], [103], [145]-[147], [187], [208]-[210], [224]
• —— Babylonian, [1]-[3], [103], [165], [234]
• —— Chinese, [185]-[211]
• —— Egyptian, [31], [34], [38], [39]
• —— Grecian, [180]
• —— Gregorian, [193]-[196]
• —— Hebrew, [162]-[170], [234]
• —— Indian, [88], [92], [96], [104], [132]-[148], [167], [171], [176], [181]-[184], [188], [217]
• —— Lagash, [54], [57]
• —— Median, [56]-[87], [222], [229]
• —— Persian, [58]-[61]
• —— Roman, [11], [159], [180], [193]
• Cambyses, [235]
• Cancer, [8], [36], [44], [218]-[221]
• Canis Major, [248]
• Canis Minor, [248]
• Canopus, [248]
• Capella, [246]
• Caper, [44]
• Capricornus, [52], [218], [220], [222], [252]
• Capuja, [243]
• Cassiopeia, [239]-[244], [246]
• Cassyape, [243]
• Castor, [221], [222]
• Centaur, [155]-[158], [245]
• Cepheus, [239]-[244], [246]
• Cetus, [239]-[243]
• Chaitra, [134]-[138], [171], [172], [181], [188]
• Che, [202]
• Chevreau, [23]
• Ch’in, [207]
• China, History of, [197]-[209]
• Chipiez. See [Perrot]
• Chiron, [155], [156]
• Chons, [32], [33]
• Cisilivu, [4]
• Claudius Ptolemy, [17], [216]
• Clemens Alexandrinus, [23]
• Confucius, [206], [207]
• Cook, [21]
• Corona Australis, [77], [229], [230]
• Crab. See [Cancer]
• Cumont, [61]
• Cuthah, [85]
• Cuzallu, [4]
• Cygnus, [248]
• Cyrannid books, [17]
• Dan, [233]
• Darmesteter, [60]
• Denderah, [218], [232]
• Deuteronomy, [169], [170]
• Devas, [82]
• Dhanus, [223]
• Dharbitu, [4]
• D’Herbelot, [18]
• Diana, [158]
• Dianus, [158]
• Doris, [242]
• Draco, [223]
• Dupuis, [27]-[29]
• Dûzu, [2], [4]
• Dvita, [177]-[180]
• Eagle, [64]. See [Aquila]
• Ebers, [35], [233]
• Eden, [21], [22]
• Edfu, [232]
• Ekâṣhṭakā, [134]
• Ekata, [177]-[180]
• Ekhud, [48]
• Elam, [81]
• Ellilla, [48]
• Elul, [2], [5]
• Eninnu, [48]
• Enzu, [44]
• Epping and Strassmaier, [1]-[16], [44], [45], [102]
• Equulei, α, [196]
• Esneh, [218]
• Eudoxos, [241], [242]
• Eul-ya, [185], [204]
• Eusebius, [17]
• Evetts, [48]
• Exodus, [165], [170]
• Fasti Siculi, [23]
• Fomalhaut, [67]
• Freya, [96]
• Gamaliel, Rabbi, [163]
• Gandharba, [253]
• Gan-ganna, [4]
• Ganymede, [70]
• Garga, [97]
• Gàthàs, [153]
• Gaubil, [204]
• Gemini, [10], [44], [77], [146], [220], [221]
• Genesis, [21], [210]
• Genica, [17]
• Gir-tab, [8]
• Go, [113]
• Goat-fish, [8], [220]
• Golden calf, [233], [235]
• Gregory XIII., [11], [193]
• Griffin, [68]
• Griffiths, [31]
• Gu, [9], [44]-[47]
• Gudea, [48]-[57], [208], [209], [222]
• Gula, [9], [46]-[57], [69], [209]
• Gutium, [81]
• Hamath, [85]
• Ḫammurabi, [3], [4], [6], [12], [83]-[85]
• Heb en-ant, [35]
• Hecate, [179]
• Hermes, [17]
• Hercules, [226], [229], [230], [245], [246]
• Herodotus, [81]
• Hierakonpolis, [236]
• Hillebrandt, [122]
• Hippocrene, [251], [255]
• Hiu, [196]-[209]
• Hommel, [149]-[151]
• Horus, [33], [40]
• Hsiâ, [207]
• Hvarya, [150]
• Hydra, [117]-[123], [132], [227], [229]
• Icu, [246]
• Indra, [111]-[124], [130], [131], [138], [148], [172]-[183], [252]-[254]
• Innanna, [6]
• Innannanki, [5]
• Isaac, [167]
• Isis, [33]
• Istar, [4], [10], [84]
• Jacob, [167]
• Jana, [158]
• Janus, [158]-[160]
• Jemsheed, [58]
• Jensen, [45], [49], [50], [68], [102]
• Jeroboam, [233], [234]
• Jerusalem, [163]
• Jesuits, [194]-[196], [207]
• Johnston, [40]
• Jones, Sir William, [89], [90], [95], [96]
• Josephus, [20], [169]
• Jupiter, [47], [103]
• Kailáçe, [158]
• Kaiomurs, [58]
• Kang, [186], [188]
• Kao-yang, [201]
• Karnak, [35], [36], [39]
• Kas, [4], [10]
• Ker Porter, [58], [65]
• Khar-sidi, [4], [10]
• Khophri, [220]
• Ki Gingir-na, [4], [10]
• Kîmta-rapaštu, [6]
• Kio, [185], [186], [188], [191], [210]
• Kis, [69]
• Kislimu, [2], [4]
• Kneeler, The, [226]
• Kou, [205]
• Kriṣánu, [125]
• Krishna, [182]
• Krittikā, [94], [134], [136]
• Ku (sarikku), [44]
• Kumbha, [223]
• Lactantius, [23]
• Lagash, [48]-[57], [68], [69], [208], [209], [222]
• Lajard, [63], [66]
• Lâṭadeva, [98]
• Layard, [74], [77]
• Legge, Mr, [234]
• Legge, Professor, [197], [200], [207]
• Lehmann, [102]
• Leo, [44], [64]-[70], [79], [80], [83], [221], [232], [233], [235], [236]
• Libra, [44], [218]-[220]
• Lion. See Leo.
• Lugal-ki-ušuna, [6]
• Lydda, [163]
• Lyra, [226]
• Macdonell, [111]-[128], [153], [175]
• Magan, [49]
• Mâgha, [134], [135]
• Mahesa, [157]
• Mahler, [102]
• Mailla, Père de, [197]-[200]
• Mait, [219]
• Manda. See [Umman Manda]
• Mangala, [96]
• Marchesvan, [234]
• Marduk, [5]
• Mars, [103]
• Maruts, [173]-[175], [184], [252], [253]
• Maspero, [33], [49], [68], [69], [219]
• Mašu, [44]
• Maut, [32], [33]
• Mayer, [102]
• Medusa, [246]
• Memnonium, [35]
• Memphian Triad, The, [33]
• Mercury, [9], [103]
• Merodach, [68]
• Mesopotamia, [8], [49], [80], [83]-[86], [209]
• Mills, [153]
• Milton, [181], [241]
• Mishna, [163]
• Mithræum, [62]
• Mithras, [60]-[65], [74], [81], [234], [235]
• Mitra, [81], [252]
• Mlechchas, [95], [97]
• Moguls, [95]
• Montucla, [89]
• Moses, [165], [167]
• Mṛiga, [228]
• Mṛigashirsha, [228]
• Müller, Max, [251]
• Muna-xa, [8]
• Munga, [4]
• Muradi, [17]
• Nakshatra, [92], [94], [104], [132], [133], [136], [142], [188], [227]-[229]
• Nanâ, [6]
• Nekropolis, [35]-[37]
• Nicephorus, [23]
• Nile, [32], [35], [36], [37]
• Nineveh, [73], [74], [84], [86]
• Ningirsu, [48]-[51], [208]
• Ningiszida, [48]
• Ninib, [49]-[53], [208]
• Nisan, [2]-[19], [53], [69], [163]-[166]
• Nisannu. See [Nisan]
• Noah, [58]
• Noel, [205]
• Nowroose, [58]-[60]
• Oldenburg, [151], [152]
• Olivet, [163]
• Onuphrius Panvinius, [23]
• Ophiuchus, [245], [246]
• Oppert, [102]
• Orion, [157], [227]-[229]
• Ormuzd, [65]
• Osiride pillars, [40]
• Osiris, [33], [219]
• Ostia, [62]
• Pa, [44]
• Pagas, [251]
• Paitámaha, [98]
• Pañchasiddhântikâ, [98]
• Pan̂i, [112]
• Panopê, [242]
• Panvinius, Onuphrius, [23]
• Passover, The, [169], [170]
• Pauliśa, [98]
• Pavamāna. See [Soma]
• Pegasus, [244], [248]-[255]
• Peking, [194], [195]
• Perrot and Chipiez, [64], [71], [73]
• Persepolis, [64], [70], [72]-[74], [86], [87]
• Perseus, [179], [239], [245]-[247]
• Petrie, [236]
• Phalgunī, [134], [135]
• Pharisees, [169]
• Philastrius, [23]
• Philostratus, [97]
• Phœnicians, [81]
• Pisces, [44], [80], [174], [177]-[179], [202], [220], [221]
• Piscium ζ, [93]
• Pleiades, [94]
• Plumptre, [163]
• Poissons, Les. See [Pisces]
• Pollux. See [Castor]
• Ptah, [40]
• Ptolemy, [17], [216]
• Pulukku, [44]
• Punjaub, [128]
• Púshan, [252]
• Quibell, [236]
• Ram. See [Aries]
• Rameses II., [35]-[40]
• Ramessides, [33]
• Rashis, [92]
• Ravi, [96]
• Revatī, [92], [93], [104], [132], [138], [143], [187], [188]
• Ribhukshin, [252]
• Ricci, Matteo, [194]
• Rig Veda, [92], [105]-[148], [153], [171]-[184], [228], [244], [251]-[255]
• Rim-sin, [3], [4]
• Rishis, [97], [106], [108], [123], [130], [133]
• Romaka, [98]
• Roman year, [180]
• Rome, [61], [172], [193]
• Rudra, [152]-[160], [172]-[174], [184]
• Ṛṣis, [141]. See [Rishis]
• Šabahu, [4]
• Šabâtu, [2]
• Sabbath, [163], [169], [170]
• Sadducees, [169]
• Sagitta, [125]
• Sagittarius, [8], [76]-[83], [147], [150]-[160], [172]-[174], [220]-[223], [227], [230]
• Sam, [36]
• Samaria, [84], [85]
• Samaritan Pentateuch, [22]
• Samson Agonistes, [181]
• Samsu-iluna, [3], [4]
• Sani, [96]
• Sara zig-gar, [4]. See [Bar zig-gar]
• Sargon I., [6], [7], [10], [12], [13], [16], [80], [81], [83], [151]
• Sargon II., [78]
• Sassinide dynasty, [60]
• Satapatha Brahmana, [141]
• Sater, [96]
• Saturn, [103]
• Saura, [98]
• Savitṛ, [140]
• Sávitra, [98]
• Sâyaṇa, [228]
• Sayce, [7], [9], [46], [69], [81], [102]
• Scarabæus, [218], [220]
• Schall, J. A. von, [194], [195]
• Schlegel, Gustav, [185], [186], [190], [191], [204], [205]
• Scorpio, [8], [44], [63]-[67], [80], [221], [231]-[236]
• Se-dir, [4], [13], [14], [146], [147]
• Se-ki-sil, [4], [13], [14], [146], [147]
• Seleucidæ, [4]
• Semites, [83]-[85]
• Sepharvaim, [85]
• Septuagint, [22]
• Seth, [20]
• Seti, [36], [39]
• Shou, [33]
• Shuddh Paksha, [182]
• Shukla, [182]
• Siddhāntas, The, [98]. See [Sūrya Siddhānta]
• Simannu, [2], [4]
• Sing-king, [186]
• Siou, [185], [188], [196], [197], [202], [207]
• Sirius, [31], [38]
• Siva, [157], [173]
• Slates, [235]-[238]
• Sóma, [96]
• Soma, [107], [108], [111], [121]-[125], [131], [138], [172]-[177], [253]-[255]
• Souciet, [204]
• Southern Crown, [77]
• Sphinxes, [32], [34]
• Spica, [28], [167], [170], [171], [188]-[190], [210]
• Standard, Assyrian, [77]-[80], [83], [86]
• Strassmaier. See [Epping]
• Strauchius, [23]
• Sucra, [96]
• Suidas, [23]
• Su-kul-na, [4]
• Sunahśepas, [244]
• Suria, [150]
• Surias, [150]
• Súrya, [182], [183]
• Sūrya Siddhānta, [90], [93], [98], [187]
• Susa, [70]-[73], [87]
• Swarbhánu, [182], [183]
• Syncellus, [17]
• Taittirîya Brāhmana, [136]
• Taittirîya Sanhitâ, [134]-[136], [139]
• Talmud, [162], [163], [169]
• Tasritu, [4]
• Taurus, [8], [11], [44], [56]-[87], [146], [154], [156], [159], [160], [221], [232]-[236]
• Tchuen-Hio, [197]-[210], [222]
• Tebitu, [2], [4]
• Telloh, [48], [49]
• Te (mennu), [44]
• Theban Triad, The, [32], [33]
• Thebes, [34]
• Thibaut, [98]
• Thor, [96]
• Thoth, [38], [39]
• Thraetona, [178]
• Thrita, [178]
• Tilak, B. G., [134], [135], [228]
• Tischritu, [2], [4]
• Tisri, [163]
• Tithis, [176], [180], [182]
• Tortoise, [8], [218]
• Trita Aptya, [175]-[181], [184], [253]-[255]
• Triton, [178], [179]
• Tsivan, [4]
• Tuisco, [96]
• Tul-cu, [4]
• Twasht́ṛi, [252]
• Twins. See [Gemini]
• Tyana, [97]
• Ūdhar, [113]
• Ulûlu, [2], [4]
• Umman Manda, [81]-[86], [151]
• Unger, [27]
• Universal History, [21]
• Ursa Major, [224]
• Uṣas, [139], [140]
• Usher, Archbishop, [21], [22]
• Utu, [5]
• Vadya Paksha, [182]
• Vala, [112]
• Valley, Feast of the, [36], [38]
• Varāha, [97]-[99]
• Varāhamihira. See [Varāha]
• Varuna, [152]-[154], [252], [253]
• Vâsisṭha, [98]
• Vasus, [253]
• Vedas, [95], [106], [128]. See [Atharva Veda], [Rig Veda], [Yajur Veda]
• Venus, [103]
• Verethraghna, [114]
• Verseau. See [Aquarius]
• Vierge. See [Virgo]
• Virgil, [159]
• Virginis α, [188]
• Virgo, [10], [28], [44], [80], [185], [186], [220], [221]
• Vossius, Isaac, [23]
• Vrihaspati, [96]
• Vritra, [111]-[123], [148], [177]
• Vrtrahan, [114]
• Wan-nian-shu, [194]
• Water-jar. See [Amphora]
• Water-man. See [Aquarius]
• Week, Days of, [96]
• Whitney, [93], [187]
• Wilson, [112], [124]-[127], [153], [182], [251]
• Woden, [96]
• Wogue, [169]
• Yajur Veda, [94], [133]-[135]
• Yama, [253]
• Yāska, [141]
• Yavan, [95], [97]
• Yoga stars, [142]
• Zamama, [69]
• Zend Avesta, [60], [113], [114], [178]
• Zeus, [70]
• Zib, [44]
• Zibanîtu, [44]
• Zodiac, [2 et passim]
• Zu, [69]

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FROM MR MURRAY’S LIST.