Xeres: “Report on the Discovery of Peru,” Markham’s translation, Hakluyt
Society’s Publication.
Buckle’s “History of Civilization,” chap. ii.
Squier’s “Peru,” p. 9. The Vicuna is a species of the llama.
Squier’s “Peru,” p. 12. The quinoa is a species of plant of the same
genus as our pig-weeds. But it is a larger plant, and its seeds give a
very nutritious meal. The biscacha is about the size and shape of the
rabbit. It belongs to the chinchilla family. The llama is the only
representative of the camel family on the western hemisphere. There were
three species of this genus in Peru, the llama, alpaca, and vicuna.
These domesticated and constituted what the Spaniards in their first
reports called sheep.
Squier’s “Peru,” p. 12.
Morton’s “Crania Americanæ” pp. 6, 83. Winchell’s “Pre-Adamites,”
p. 388.
H. L. Morgan. “Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human
Family,” p. 255; other works by the same author, “House and House-life
of American Aborigines,” and “Ancient Society.”
The Quichuas were a closely related tribe to the Incas, and their name
has been given to the language of Peru. But as the Incas were the ruling
tribe, their name should have been given to this family of languages.
“The Geographical Distribution of the Tribes of the Inca Empire,” in
“Journal of the Geographical Society,” Vol. XLI, p. 281, et seq.
“Peru,” p. 571.
Foster’s “Prehistoric Races,” p. 375. The Zuñi Indians have
indeed preserved a tradition of the visit of Coronado three hundred and
fifty years ago, but in such a form that no one not acquainted with the
facts would guess the meaning. “Fifth Annual Report Archæological
Institute,” p. 40.
More than one-third of Mr. Prescott’s quotations are from this
authority.
Morton.
This idea was largely based on the differences of the skulls. On this
point see “Fourth Annual Report Peabody Museum.” Some authors speak
rather vaguely of the ancient race of the Titicaca basin. We know of no
good foundation for such expressions.
Garcillasso impresses on his readers the idea that the Incas was the
only tribe at all civilized. The Aymara Indians were certainly as far
advanced as the Incas, and even surpassed them in the art of cutting
stone, if we conclude the ruins at Tiahuanuco to be of Aymara origin.
The tribes of the coast region were certainly not far behind. The
Muyscas, of Bogota, who were never under the dominion of the Incas, were
yet possessed of a high degree of culture.
Markham in Forbes’s “Aymara Indians,” p. 111.
“Peru,” p. 427.
“It was from Cuzco the nearest point to the sun-rising.” (Markham.)
Their name for the Titicaca basin.
Markham, in Forbes’s “Aymara Indians.”
American Antiquarian, Sept., 1884, p. 295, et seq.
It is manifest that, during the centuries of slow development which the
Incas underwent, they had a great many chiefs. How many we shall never
know. Garcillasso gives us a list of fourteen, including Huascar and
Atahualpa. Montesino generously increases this number to one hundred and
one. Neither of them knew any thing positive about it; but this latter
number is the more reasonable of the two. Mr. Markham, who goes at the
problem in another way, thinks there were five historical Incas,
counting Huayna-Capac the last. He surmises that the first may have
flourished two hundred years before the conquest.
Markham’s Garcillasso’s “Royal Commentaries,” Vol. I, p. 66.
Markham’s translation, p. 151.
Morgan’s “Ancient Society,” p. 100.
Our authority is Christoval Molina, a priest of Cuzco. He made a report
to the bishop, which must have been written some time between 1570 and
1584, on the “Fables and Rites of the Incas.” This was translated by
Markham, and published by Hakluyt Society in 1873. He obtained his
information by gathering together a number of aged Indians, including
some priests, who had participated in these ceremonies in the days of
the Incas.
This writer, a native Indian, wrote about the same time as Garcillasso.
“Fables and Rites of the Incas,” p. 105.
“Peruvian Antiquities,” p. 105.
“Peru,” p. 5.
Many such quotations could be given, not only from Garcillasso, but from
Molina, Salcamayhua, and others.
Address before the Historical Society of New Mexico.
We can not help wondering if the Incas did not have two chief
executives. This would make them similar to the Iroquois, and most of
the more southern tribes, such as we have already seen to be true of the
Mexicans. Mr. Bandelier says there is abundant proof that the Incas had
two chiefs—one the “dispensing Inca,” the other the “speaking
head.” (“Archæological Tour in Mexico,” p. 167, note 6.)
“Travels,” Markham’s Translation, p. 164.
In Forbes’s “Aymara Indians,” p. 109.
Indian architecture from the Sioux lodge to the houses of Uxmal, Mitla,
and Tiahuanuco, is only understood through Indian social organization.”
(Bandelier.)
“Peru,” p. 214.
“Two Years in Peru,” Vol. I, p. 283.
Markham’s “Introduction,” to “Report on the Discovery of Peru.”
“In this case it is nonsense to talk of hundreds.” (Hutchinson.)
Markham, in Journal of the Royal Geog. Society, Vol. XLI.
Squier’s “Peru,” p. 375.
The dimensions are: Length, thirteen feet five inches; height above
ground, seven feet two inches; thickness, one foot six inches. (Squier.)
