[132] Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military colonies. Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. Comment Epig., I, 362.
[133] Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage, cf. C. I. L. VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. Pun. CXXXVI. In Sicily, Panhormus, Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, Hist. Nat., III, 8, 88; 89; 90. Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverwaltung I, 246, names seven colonies of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia, Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio, LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, Hist. Nat., IV, 10. In Hither Spain, Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel I, 37, which also gives the numbers of the legions whose veterans were colonized here: leg. IV, leg. VI, leg. X. Marquardt op. cit., I, 256, names six colonies of Augustus here. In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19, leg. V, X; Marquardt, op. cit., I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf. C. I. L. III, p. 95, leg. X, XII. In Asia, Alexandrea of the Troad, cf. Pliny, Hist. Nat., V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf. Eckhel III, 356, leg. V, VIII; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel, III, 334. In Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog, Gall. Narb. inscr. n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel III, 18; Cremna, cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20; Parlais, cf. Ramsay, Bull. de Corr. Hell., VII, p. 318.
No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus, Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus, Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, Hist. Nat., V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII, 8857.
[134] Cf. an article by Mommsen, Hermes, XVIII, 161 ff. on the “Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.”
When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona. Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty by omitting the Illyrian colonies.
The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name after Actium.
A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old colonies and their resettlement, as, e. g., of Minturnæ. Cf. Hyginus, De Lim., p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, Augusta; 2. Ateste; 3. Augusta Prætoria; 4. Julia Augusta Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, Julia Augusta; 6. Bononia; 7. Brixia, Augusta; 8. Capua, Julia Augusta; 9. Castrum novum Etruriæ, Julia; 10. Concordia, Julia; 11. Cumæ (?) Julia; 12. Dertona, Julia; 13. Fanum Fortunæ, Julia; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, Julia; 16. Lucus Feroniæ, Julia; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, Augusta; 19. Parentium, Julia; 20. Parma, Julia Augusta; 21. Pisae, Julia; 22. Pisaurum, Julia; 23. Pola, Julia; 24. Sæna (?), Julia; 25. Sora, Julia; 26. Suessa, Julia; 27. Sutrium, Julia; 28. Tuder, Julia; 29, Venafrum, Julia Augusta. Cf. Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverwaltung, I, 118-132.
[135] Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no further knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729, some such thing took place.
Appian, Illyr. XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and probably later transferred to the temple of Mars.
[136] The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf. Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Livy, Epit., CXLI; Suetonius, Aug. 21; Vell., II, 91; Vergil, Æn. VII, 606; Horace, Carm., I, 12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. Chron. ad. 734; Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, Ep. CXXI; Dio, XLVIII, 24.