October 16th-19th.—Battles of Leipsic. Allied army 330,000 men (Schwartzenberg, Bernadotte, Blucher, Beningsen), Napoleon 175,000. Twenty-six battalions and ten squadrons of Saxon and Wurtemberg men leave Napoleon and turn their guns against the French. Napoleon is not defeated, but determines to retreat. The rearguard (20,000 men) and 200 cannon taken. Poniatowski drowned; Reynier and Lauriston captured.
October 20th.—Blucher made Field-Marshal.
October 23rd.—French army reach Erfurt.
October 30th.—Combat of Hanau. Napoleon defeats Wrede with heavy loss.
October 31st.—Combat and capture of Bassano by Eugène. English capture Pampeluna.
November 2nd.—Napoleon arrives at Mayence (where typhus carries off 40,000 French), and is
November 9th.—At St. Cloud.
November 10th.—Wellington defeats Soult at St. Jean de Luz.
November 11th.—Surrender of Dresden by Gouvion St. Cyr; its French soldiers to return under parole to France. Austrians refuse to ratify the convention, and 1700 officers and 23,000 men remain prisoners of war.
November 14th.—Napoleon addresses the Senate: "All Europe marched with us a year ago; all Europe marches against us to-day. That is because the world's opinion is directed either by France or England."