September 12th.—Turkey declares war with France, and forms alliance with England and Russia.
November 19th.—Wolfe-Tone commits suicide.
December 5th.—Macdonald defeats Mack and 40,000 Neapolitans at Civita Castellana.
December 9th.—Joubert occupies Turin.
December 15th.—French occupy Rome.
December 29th.—Coalition of Russia, Austria, and England against France.
Events of 1799.
Napoleonic History.—January 23rd.—Desaix defeats Mourad Bey at Samhoud (Upper Egypt). February 3rd.—Desaix defeats Mourad Bey at the Isle of Philae (near Assouan)—furthest limit of the Roman Empire. Napoleon crosses Syrian desert and takes El Arish (February 20th) and Gaza (February 25th), captures Jaffa (March 7th) and Sour, formerly Tyre (April 3rd). Junot defeats Turks and Arabs at Nazareth (April 8th), and Kléber defeats them at Mount Tabor (April 16th). Napoleon invests Acre but retires (May 21st), re-enters Cairo (June 14th), annihilates Turkish army at Aboukir (July 25th); secretly sails for France (August 23rd), lands at Frejus (October 9th), arrives at Paris (October 13th); dissolves the Directory (November 9th) and Council of Five Hundred (November 10th), and is proclaimed First Consul (December 24th).
General History.—January 10th.—Championnet occupies Capua.
January 20th.—Pacification of La Vendée by General Hédouville.