[664] Fifth Period.—Roman Colonies.
Dertona (630). In Liguria, now Tortona.
Fabrateria (630). Among the Volsci (Latium Majus). Now Falvaterra. A colony of the Gracchi.
Aquæ Sextiæ (631); Aix (Mouths of the Rhone). Cited erroneously as a colony, was only a castellum.
Minervia (Scylacium) (632). In Calabria, now Squillace. A colony of the Gracchi.
Neptunia (Tarentum) (632). In Calabria, now Taranto. A colony of the Gracchi.
Carthago (Junonia). In Africa. A colony of the Gracchi, was only commenced.
Narbo Martius (636). In Narbonnese Gaul, now Narbonne. Founded under the influence of the Gracchi.
Eporedia (654). In Transpadane Gaul, now Ivrea.
In this period Rome ceases to found Latin colonies. The allied countries and the towns of the Latin name began to demand the right of city; the assimilation of Italy, in respect to language and manners, is indeed so advanced that it is superfluous, if not dangerous, to found new Latin cities.
The name of Colonies of the Gracchi is given to those which were established essentially for the aid of the poor citizens, and no longer, as formerly, with a strategic view.
Carthage and Narbonne are the first two colonies founded beyond the limits of Italy, contrary to the rule previously followed. The only example which could be mentioned as appertaining to the previous period is that of Italica, founded in Spain by Scipio in 548, for those of his veterans who wished to remain in the country. They received the right of city, but not the title of colony. The inhabitants of Aquæ Sextiæ must have been in much the same situation.
[665] Velleius Paterculus, II. 6, 15.—Plutarch, C. Gracchus, 7, 8.
[666] Appian, Civil Wars, I. 19 et seq.
[667] Plutarch, C. Gracchus, 9.—Appian, Civil Wars, I. 23.
[668] Sallust, Jugurtha, 27.—Cicero, Oration on the Consular Provinces, 2, 15; Oration for Balbus, 27.
[669] Cicero, Oration for Rabirius, 4.