[690] Plutarch, Marius, 29.
[691] Titus Livius, XXIII. 22.
[692] In our opinion, bellum sociale, or sociorum, has been wrongly translated by “social war,” an expression which gives a meaning entirely contrary to the nature of this war.
[693] Velleius Paterculus, II. 15.
[694] List of the different Censuses:—
| Year of Rome | Census | |
| 187. | 80,000. | The first census under Servius Tullius. (Titus Livius, I. 44. —Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV. 22.—Eutropius, I. 7.) |
| 245. | 130,000. | (Plutarch, Publicola, 14.) |
| 278. | 110,000. | (Upwards of). (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 25.)—119,309 according to Eutropius, I. 14; and 120,000 according to G. Syncellus, 452, ed. Bonn. |
| 280. | 190,000. | (Rather more than). (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 36.) |
| (Towards 286). | 8,714. | (sic.) (Titus Livius, Epitome, III., ed. O. Jahn.) Correct it to 118,714. |
| 295. | 117,319. | (Titus Livius, III. 24.)—117,219 according to the Epitome. |
| 331. | 120,000. | (Canon of Eusebius, Olympiad lxxxix. 2; 115,000 according to another manuscript.) This passage is wanting in the Armenian translation. |
| 365. | 152,573. | (Pliny, Natural History, XXXIII. 16, ed. Sillig.) |
| 415. | 165,000. | (Eusebius, Olymp. cx. 1.) |
| 422 to 435 | 250,000 | (Titus Livius, IX. 19.—G. Syncellus, Chronographia, 525, has 250,000. the number 260,000.) |
| 460. | 262,321. | (Titus Livius, X. 47; the Epitome, 272,320.—Eusebius, Olymp. cxxi. 4, writes 270,000; the Armenian translator, 220,000.) |
| 465. | 272,000. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XI.) |
| 474. | 287,222. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XIII.) |
| 479. | 292,334. | (Eutropius, II. 10.)—271,234 according to Titus Livius (Epitome, XIV.). |
| 489. | 382,234. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XVI.) Correct it to 282,234. |
| 502. | 297,797. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XVIII.) |
| 507. | 241,212. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XIX.) |
| 513. | 260,000. | (Eusebius, Olymp. cxxxiv. 4.) |
| 534. | 270,213. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XX.) |
| 546. | 137,108. | (Titus Livius, XXII. 36.)—This enormous difference is wrongly ascribed to the losses experienced in the first five years of the Second Punic war, and Titus Livius states but a very small difference, minor aliquanto numerus quam qui ante bellum fuerat, which would give us cause to believe in an error of the copyist in the number of the census, so that we should read 237,108. |
| 550. | 214,000. | (Titus Livius, XXIX. 37; Fasti Capitolini.)—The censors, as is formally stated, had extended their operations to the armies; in addition to which, many allies and Latins had come to take their domicile in Rome, and had been included in the census. |
| 561. | 143,7 04. | (Titus Livius, XXXV. 9.) Here, also, there doubtless exists an error; we must read 243,704. Perhaps, too, the censors did not include in that number of citizens the soldiers in campaign. |
| 566. | 258, 318. | (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 36); Epitome, 258,310. Many allies of the Latin name had been included in the census. |
| 576. | 288, 294. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XLI.) The figures of the census of preceding and following years lead us to adopt this number, though the manuscripts give only 258,294. |
| 581. | 269, 015. | (Titus Livius, XLII. 10); Epitome, 267,231. “The reason of the inferiority of the census of 581 was,” according to Titus Livius, “the edict of the Consul Postumius, in virtue of which those who belonged to the class of the Latin allies were to return, to be taken for their censuses, in their respective towns, according to the edict of the Consul C. Claudius, so that there was not a single person of the allies who was taken at Rome.” (Titus Livius, XLII. 10.) |
| 586. | 312, 805. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XLV.) |
| 591. | 337, 022. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XLVI.) |
| 595. | 328, 316. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XLVII.) |
| 600. | 324, 000. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XLVIII.) |
| 608. | 334, 000. | (Eusebius, Olymp. clviii. 3.) |
| 613. | 327, 442. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, LIV.) |
| 618. | 317, 933. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, LVI.) |
| 623. | 318, 823. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, LIX.) |
| 629. | 394, 726. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, LX.) |
| 639. | 394, 336. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, LXIII.) |
| 667. | 463, 000. | (Eusebius, Olymp. clxxiv. 1.) |
| 684. | 900, 000. | (Titus Livius, Epitome, XCVIII.)—Dio Cassius (XLIII. 25) relates that the census ordered by Cæsar after the civil war had presented a frightful diminution of the number of the population (δεινἡ ὁλιγανθροπἱα). Appian (II. 102) says that this number had only reached about the half of the previous census. According to Plutarch (Cæsar, 55), upon 320,000 citizens counted before the war, Cæsar had only found 150,000. They confounded the registers of the distribution of wheat with the lists of the census. (See Suetonius, Cæsar, 41.) |
Augustus says expressly that between the years 684 and726 there was no census taken, post annum alterum et quadragesimum.(Monument of Ancyra, tab. 2.)—The numberof citizens whom he found at that epoch, 4,063,000, isabout that which Cæsar might have declared. (Photius,Biblioth., cod. xcvii.—Fragm. Histor., ed. Müller, III. 606.) | ||
| 726. | 4,063,000. | Closing of the lustrum by Augustus on his sixth consulship, with M. Agrippa for his colleague. (Monument of Ancyra.) |
| 746. | 4,233,000. | Second closure of the lustrum by Augustus alone. (Monument of Ancyra.) |
| 767. | 4,037,000. | According to the Monument of Ancyra; 9,300,000 according to the Chronicle of Eusebius; third closure of the lustrum by Augustus and Tiberius Cæsar, his colleague, under the consulate of Sex. Pompeius and Sex. Appuleius. |
[695] These two words are found on the Italiote medals struck during the war. A denarius in the Bibliothèque Impériale presents the legend ITALIA in Latin characters, and, on the reverse, the name of Papius Mutilus in Oscan characters:
[696] This measure satisfied the Etruscans. (Appian, Civil Wars, I. 49.)
[697] Velleius Paterculus, II. 20.—Appian, Civil Wars, I. 49.