20. M. SEMPRONIUS RUTILUS.
History is silent on what became of this lieutenant after the war of Gaul.
21. MARCUS ANTONIUS (MARK ANTONY).
The biography of Mark Antony is too well known, and is too much mixed up with the events which followed the war in Gaul, to render it necessary to give a sketch of it here. It is well known that Mark Antony, born in 671, was the son of a Mark Antony who had served in Crete, and grandson of the celebrated orator of the same name. His mother was a Julia, and belonged, consequently, to the family of Cæsar. After having encouraged and supported Cæsar in his projects on Rome, he became his magister equitum, when the dictature had been conferred upon him. At Pharsalia, he commanded the left wing of Cæsar’s army. After the murder of the great man, he was the rival of Octavius, and subsequently, with Lepidus, his colleague in the triumvirate. When disunion arose between the future Augustus and the ancient lieutenant of his uncle, the battle of Actium completed the ruin of Antony, who, having taken refuge in Egypt, slew himself in despair, on the information which Cleopatra, with whom he was violently in love, gave him of her intended suicide.
22. PUBLIUS VATINIUS.
The part played by Publius Vatinius, before he became lieutenant in Gaul, has been told in the course of this work. At the conclusion of his tribuneship, he was employed in the army of Cæsar; but he had already, after his quæstorship, served in Spain in the same quality of lieutenant, under the proconsul C. Cosconius. Threatened by the laws Licinia and Junia, Vatinius returned to Rome, and succeeded, thanks to the support of Clodius, in avoiding the trial with which he was threatened. He failed in his candidature for the ædileship, figured as one of the witnesses in the trial of Sextius, in which he showed great animosity against the accused, and against Cicero who defended him. Important events marked his prætorship in 699. As lieutenant of Cæsar in the civil war (De Bello Civili, III. 19), after the battle of Pharsalia, he defended Brundusium against Lælius. (De Bello Civili, III. 100.) In 706 and 707 he continued to serve in the ranks of the partisans of the Dictator, who, in the end of that year, caused the consulship to be conferred upon him for a few days. (Dio Cassius, XLII. 55.—Macrobius, Saturnalia, II. 3.) In 709 he was sent by Cæsar into Illyria, with the title of proconsul (Appian, Illyric War, 13), from which province he sent obliging letters to Cicero. (Epist. Familiar., V. 9, 10.) After the murder of the Dictator, when the Dalmatians had revolted and had defeated a considerable corps of his army, Vatinius, who mistrusted the fidelity of his soldiers, retired to Epidamnus, and delivered his province and his legions to M. Brutus, (Titus Livius, Epitome, CXVIII.—Velleius Paterculus, II. 69.—Appian, Illyric War, 13.) Nevertheless, he obtained, at the end of that year (711), a triumph for his victories. It is not known what became of him afterwards.
23. Q. FUFIUS CALENUS.
Q. Fufius Calenus, of one of the most illustrious families of Rome, the gens Fufia, was tribune of the people in 693, and served at that time actively the interests of Clodius, when the latter was accused of having violated the mysteries of the Bona Dea. (Cicero, Epist. ad Atticum, I. 14.) As prætor during the consulship of Cæsar and Bibulus, he gave his name to a judiciary law, and served with zeal, during his magistracy, the projects of him whose lieutenant he became in Gaul. He also supported Clodius in the affair of Milo. When the civil war broke out, Fufius Calenus joined Cæsar at Brundusium; he followed him afterwards into Spain, in the character of lieutenant. (Epist. ad Atticum, IX. 5.—Cæsar, De Bello Civili, I. 87.) Sent afterwards into Epirus, he took, before the battle of Pharsalia, the principal towns of Greece. In 707, he became consul with Vatinius (Dio Casius, XLII. 55); sided, after the death of Cæsar, with Antony, whom he defended against the attacks of Cicero (Philippica, VIII. 4.—Dio Cassius, XLVI. 1-28), and was his lieutenant during the struggles which followed. He commanded an army in Transalpine Gaul in 713, when he was carried off by a sudden death, at the moment when he was on the point of encountering the troops of Octavius. (Appian, Civil Wars, V. 3, 51.—Dio Cassius, XLVIII. 20.)
24. L. CÆSAR
L. Julius Cæsar, who appears as lieutenant of the great Cæsar only at the end of the war of Gaul, belonged to the same family as himself; he was a son of L. Julius Cæsar, consul in the time of the war against the Marsi, who was assassinated by Fimbria, and brother of Julia, mother of Mark Antony. He stood for the ædileship without success (Cicero, Orat. pro Plancio, 21), was more fortunate in his petition for the consulship, and exercised that high magistracy in 690. (Cicero, Orat. pro Murena, 34; Epist. ad Atticum, I. 1, 2.—Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 6.) He was, with Cæsar, the year after, one of the judges (duumvir perduellionis) in the trial of C. Rabirius. (Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 27.) When the Senate was deliberating on the conspiracy of Catiline, the relationship which united him with P.Lentulus did not prevent him from voting for his condemnation to death. After the war of Gaul, he returned to Rome, and, in the year 707, Mark Antony invested him with the functions of prefect of the town; he was then very aged. (Dio Cassius, XLII. 30.) After Cæsar had been assassinated, L. Cæsar withdrew from the party of Antony, although the latter was his nephew, for which he has been praised by Cicero. (Epist. Familiar., XII. 2.) But his opposition softened down afterwards, and he rejected the proposal to declare war against the ancient lieutenant of Cæsar, made by the great orator. (Cicero, Philippica, VIII. 1; Epist. Familiar., X. 28.) This was the effect of the influence exercised upon him by his sister Julia, to whom he owed his safety in the proscription which followed the conclusion of the triumvirate. (Appian, Civil Wars, IV. 12.—Plutarch, Cicero, 61; Antony, 20.—Floras, IV. 6.—Velleias Paterculus, II. 67.) Nothing is known concerning his after life.