History of Julius Cæsar, Vol. 2 of 2

by Emperor of the French Napoleon III

Louis XIV. translated the first book of the Commentaries. His translation was printed at Paris in 1651, in folio, with figures. This work has not been reprinted; it is now very rare. The reader may consult on this subject the Méthode d’étudier l’Histoire of the Abbé Lenglet-Dufresnoy, tom. II., p. 481; and J. Ch. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres, fourth edition, tom. I., p. 519.

The great Condé, who had studied with care the campaigns of Cæsar, encouraged the translation of the Commentaries undertaken by Nicolas Perrot d’Ablancourt; it was the translation most esteemed and the most in vogue during the last century.

Christina, Queen of Sweden, had composed Reflections on the Life and Actions of Cæsar, as we are informed by J. Arckenholz in his work entitled Mémoires concernant Christine, Reine de Suède, Amsterdam, 1751-1760, tom. IV., No. 6, p. 4.

Louis Philippe Joseph d’Orléans, surnamed Egalité, was a great reader of the Commentaries. He caused a map of Cæsar’s campaigns in Gaul to be made.

Lastly, the Emperor Napoleon I., at St. Helena, dictated a Précis des Guerres de César to Comte Marchand, who published it in Paris in 1836, in 8vo.

CONTENTS.

[BOOK III.] THE WARS IN GAUL, AFTER THE CHAPTER_I-bk-4" id="CHAPTER_I-bk-4"”
[CHAPTER I.] POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GALLIC WAR.
PAGE
I.	Enterprising Character of the Gauls.	[1]
II.	Wars of the Romans beyond the Alps.	[3]
III.	Continual Pre-occupation of the Romans in regard to the Gauls.	[7]
IV.	Plan followed in the Relation of the War in Gaul.	[13]
[CHAPTER II.] STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR.
I.	Geographical Description. (See Plate 1.)	[15]
II.	Political Divisions. (See Plate 2.)	[22]
III.	Manners.	[32]
IV.	Institutions.	[41]
[CHAPTER III.] CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII. (Year of Rome 696.) (Book I. of the “Commentaries.”)
I.	Projects of Invasion by the Helvetii. (See Plate 3.)	[49]
II.	Cæsar’s Arrival at Geneva.	[52]
III.	Description of the Retrenchment of the Rhone. (See Plate 8.)	[52]
IV.	The Helvetii begin their March towards the Saône. Cæsar unites his Troops. (See Plates 2 and 4.)	[59]
V.	Defeat of the Helvetii on the Saône. (See Plates 2 and 4.)	[64]
VI.	Defeat of the Helvetii near Bibracte. (See Plates 4 and 5.)	[72]
VII.	Pursuit of the Helvetii	[76]
VIII.	Observations	[79]
[CHAPTER IV.] CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS. (Year of Rome 696.) (Book I. of the “Commentaries.”)
I.	Seat of the Suevi and other German Tribes. (See Plate 2.)	[80]
II.	The Gauls solicit Cæsar to come to their Succour.	[83]
III.	March of Cæsar upon Besançon. (See Plate 4.)	[86]
IV.	Panic in the Roman Army.	[88]
V.	March towards the Valley of the Rhine. (See Plate 4.)	[91]
VI.	Interview between Cæsar and Ariovistus. (See Plate 6.)	[94]
VII.	Movements of the Two Armies. (See Plates 2 and 6.)	[97]
VIII.	Battle against the Germans. (See Plate 4.)	[99]
IX.	Observations.	[103]
[CHAPTER V.] WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ (Year of Rome 697.) (Book II. of the “Commentaries.”)
I.	League of the Belgæ. Cæsar advances from Besançon to the Aisne. (See Plate 4.)	[106]
II.	Cæsar’s Camp at Berry-au-Bac. (See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9.)	[109]
III.	Battle on the Aisne.	[113]
IV.	Retreat of the Belgæ.	[115]
V.	Capture of Noviodunum and Bratuspantium. (See Plate 7.)	[116]
VI.	March against the Nervii. (See Plates 7 and 10.)	[118]
VII.	Battle on the Sambre. (See Plate 10.)	[121]
VIII.	Siege of the Oppidum of the Aduatuci. (See Plate 11.)	[128]
IX.	Subjugation of the Armorica by P. Crassus.	[131]
X.	Expedition of Galba into the Valais.	[132]
[CHAPTER VI.] (Year of Rome 698.) (Book III. of the “Commentaries.”) WAR OF THE VENETII—VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI—SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE—MARCH AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I.	Insurrection of the Maritime Peoples. (See Plate 12.)	[135]
II.	War against the Veneti. (See Plate 12.)	[137]
III.	Naval Combat against the Veneti. (See Plate 12.)	[141]
IV.	Victory of Sabinus over the Unelli. (See Plate 13.)	[144]
V.	Conquest of Aquitaine by P. Crassus.	[146]
VI.	March against the Morini and the Menapii.	[150]
VII.	Observations.	[151]
[CHAPTER VII.] (Year of Rome 699.) (Book IV. of the “Commentaries.”) INCURSIONS OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI—FIRST PASSAGE OF THE RHINE—FIRST DESCENT IN BRITAIN—CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I.	Cæsar’s March against the Usipetes and the Tencteri. (See Plate 14.)	[153]
II.	Rout of the Usipetes and the Tencteri.	[158]
III.	First Passage of the Rhine. (See Plates 14 and 15.)	[160]
IV.	Description of Britain in the Time of Cæsar.	[165]
V.	First Expedition to Britain. (See Plates 16 and 17.)	[172]
VI.	Chastisement of the Morini and Menapii.	[184]
VII.	Order for Rebuilding the Fleet. Departure for Illyria.	[185]
VIII.	Points of Embarking and Landing. Date of the Arrival in Britain. (See Plate 16.)	[186]
IX.	Résumé of the Dates of the Campaign of 699.	[202]
[CHAPTER VIII.] (Year of Rome 700.) (Book V. of the “Commentaries.”) MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI—SECOND DESCENT IN BRITAIN.
I.	Inspection of the Fleet. March against the Treviri.	[204]
II.	Departure for the Isle of Britain. (See Plate 16.)	[206]
III.	March into the Interior of the Country. (See Plate 16.)	[208]
IV.	Destruction of a Part of the Fleet.	[210]
V.	Cæsar resumes the Offensive.	[211]
VI.	March towards the Thames. (See Plate 16.)	[214]
VII.	Submission of a Part of Britain. (See Plate 16.)	[216]
VIII.	Re-embarkation of the Army.	[217]
IX.	Observations. (See Plate 16.)	[219]
X.	Presumed Dates of the Second Campaign in Britain.	[223]
XI.	Distribution of the Legions in their Winter Quarters. (See Plates 14 and 18.)	[225]
XII.	Defeat of Sabinus at Aduatuca.	[228]
XIII.	Attack on Cicero’s Camp.	[234]
XIV.	Cæsar marches to the Succour of Cicero. (See Plates 14 and 27, Fig. 8.)	[236]
XV.	Cæsar places his Troops in Winter Quarters. Labienus defeats Indutiomarus.	[246]
XVI.	Observations.	[250]
[CHAPTER IX.] (Year of Rome 701.) (Book VI. of the “Commentaries.”) CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE NERVII AND THE TREVIRI—SECOND PASSAGE OF THE RHINE—WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES.
I.	Cæsar augments his Army.	[253]
II.	War against the Nervii. General Assembly of Gaul.	[254]
III.	Submission of the Menapii.	[256]
IV.	Success of Labienus against the Treviri.	[257]
V.	Second Passage of the Rhine.	[260]
VI.	War against Ambiorix. (See Plates 2 and 14.)	[262]
VII.	The Sicambri attack Aduatuca. (See Plate 18.)	[265]
[CHAPTER X.] (Year of Rome 702.) (Book VII. of the “Commentaries.”) REVOLT OF GAUL—CAPTURE OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM—SIEGES OF AVARICUM AND GERGOVIA—CAMPAIGN OF LABIENUS AGAINST THE PARISII—SIEGE OF ALESIA.
I.	Revolt of Gaul.	[272]
II.	Cæsar begins the Campaign. (See Plate 19.)	[275]
III.	Taking of Vellaunodunum, Genabum, and Noviodunum. (See Plate 19.)	[278]
IV.	Siege of Avaricum. (See Plate 20.)	[287]
V.	Arrival of Cæsar at Decetia, and March towards Auvergne. (See Plates 19 and 21.)	[299]
VI.	Blockade of Gergovia. (See Plates 21 and 22.)	[303]
VII.	Observations.	[319]
VIII.	Cæsar Leaves Gergovia in order to join Labienus.	[320]
IX.	Expedition of Labienus against the Parisii. (See Plate 23.)	[323]
X.	The Gauls assume the Offensive.	[329]
XI.	Junction of Cæsar and Labienus. Battle of the Vingeanne. (See Plates 19 and 24.)	[331]
XII.	Blockade of Alesia. (See Plates 25, 26, 27, and 28.)	[338]
XIII.	Details of the Excavations at Mont Auxois. (See Plates 25, 27, and 28.)	[358]
[CHAPTER XI.] (Year of Rome 703.) (Book VIII. of the “Commentaries.”)
I.	Expedition against the Bituriges and Carnutes.	[367]
II.	Campaign against the Bellovaci. (See Plates 29 and 30.)	[369]
III.	Battle on the Aisne.	[377]
IV.	Devastation of the Country of the Eburones.	[379]
V.	Expedition against Dumnacus.	[381]
VI.	Capture of Uxellodunum. (See Plates 31 and 32.)	[383]
VII.	Excavations made at Puy d’Issolu. (See Plates 31 and 32.)	[390]
VIII.	Complete Submission of Gaul.	[395]
[BOOK IV.] RECAPITULATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL, AND RELATION OF EVENTS AT ROME FROM 696 TO 705.
[CHAPTER I.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 696.
I.	Difficulties of Cæsar’s Task.	[399]
II.	Campaign against the Helvetii.	[402]
III.	Campaign against Ariovistus.	[405]
IV.	Sequel of the Consulship of L. Calpurnius Piso and Aulus Galbinius.	[408]
V.	Intrigues of Clodius.	[409]
VI.	Pompey consults Cæsar on the Return of Cicero.	[410]
VII.	Pompey believes himself Threatened by a Slave of Clodius.	[411]
[CHAPTER II.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 697.
I.	War against the Belgæ.	[413]
II.	Return of Cicero.	[416]
III.	Pompey is charged with the Supplying of Food.	[419]
IV.	Festivals to Commemorate Cæsar’s Victories.	[420]
V.	Riots at Rome.	[421]
[CHAPTER III.] EVENTS IN ROME DURING THE YEAR 698.
I.	Presence in Rome of Ptolemy Auletes.	[424]
II.	Clodius named Ædile. Trial of Milo.	[426]
III.	Return of Cato.	[429]
IV.	State of Anarchy in Rome.	[430]
V.	The Interview at Lucca.	[433]
VI.	Consequences of the Interview at Lucca. Conduct of Cicero.	[438]
VII.	Intrigues of Pompey and Crassus to obtain the Consulship.	[443]
VIII.	Campaign against the Peoples on the Shores of the Ocean.	[445]
[CHAPTER IV.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 699.
I.	Campaign against the Usipetes and the Tencteri.	[449]
II.	First Descent in England.	[451]
III.	Cæsar’s Habits when in Campaign.	[452]
IV.	Consulship of Pompey and Crassus.	[453]
V.	Motion of Trebonius on the Government of the Provinces.	[456]
VI.	Pompey’s Sumptuary Law.	[461]
VII.	Departure of Crassus for Syria.	[462]
VIII.	Cato proposes to deliver Cæsar to the Germans.	[464]
[CHAPTER V.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 700.
I.	Second Descent in England.	[467]
II.	Displacement of the Army. Disaster of Sabinus.	[468]
III.	L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consuls.	[470]
IV.	Re-establishment of Ptolemy in Egypt.	[472]
V.	Corruption of the Elections.	[474]
VI.	Death of Cæsar’s Daughter.	[476]
VII.	Cæsar’s Buildings at Rome.	[477]
VIII.	His Relations with Cicero.	[478]
[CHAPTER VI.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 701.
I.	Expedition to the North of Gaul. Second Passage of the Rhine.	[484]
II.	Pursuit of Ambiorix.	[485]
III.	C. Domitius Calvinus and M. Valerius Messala, Consuls.	[486]
IV.	Expedition of Crassus against the Parthians, and his Death.	[488]
V.	Consequences of the Death of Crassus.	[499]
[CHAPTER VII.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 702.
I.	Murder of Clodius.	[501]
II.	The Republic is declared in Danger.	[505]
III.	Pompey Sole Consul.	[506]
IV.	Trial of Milo.	[508]
V.	Pompey takes as his Associate Cæcilius Metellus Pius Scipio.	[514]
VI.	Insurrection of Gaul, and Campaign of 702.	[516]
[CHAPTER VIII.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 703.
I.	New Troubles in Gaul, and the Campaign on the Aisne.	[528]
II.	Cæsar’s Policy in Gaul and at Rome.	[530]
III.	Sulpicius Rufus and M. Claudius Marcellus, Consuls.	[536]
IV.	Spirit which animates Cæsar’s Adversaries.	[538]
V.	The Question of Right between the Senate and Cæsar.	[542]
VI.	Intrigues to deprive Cæsar of his Command.	[548]
[CHAPTER IX.] EVENTS OF THE YEAR 704.
I.	C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Æmilius Paulus, Consuls.	[554]
II.	Cæsar repairs to the Cisalpine.	[559]
III.	Pompey receives Ovations, and asks Cæsar to return his Two Legions.	[564]
IV.	The Senate votes impartially.	[569]
V.	Violent Measures adopted against Cæsar.	[570]
VI.	State of Public Opinion.	[572]
[CHAPTER X.] EVENTS OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 705.
I.	C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus, Consuls.	[579]
II.	Lentulus carries the Senate against Cæsar.	[581]
III.	Cæsar harangues his Troops.	[588]
IV.	Cæsar is driven to Civil War.	[590]
V.	Cæsar crosses the Rubicon.	[592]

APPENDIX.
[APPENDIX A.]
Concordance of Dates of the Ancient Roman Calendar with the Julian Style, for the Years of Rome 691-709.	[595]
[APPENDIX B.]
Concordance of Roman and Modern Hours, for the Year of Rome 699 (55 B. C.) and for the Latitude of Paris.	[638]
[APPENDIX C.] LIST OF ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE.
Note on the Ancient Coins collected in the Excavations at Alise.	[640]
Coins struck in the Mint at Rome.	[642]
Coins struck in Southern Italy.	[644]
Coins struck out of Italy.	[644]
Gaulish Coins (from Camp D, on the Banks of the Ose).	[645]
[APPENDIX D.] NOTICE ON CÆSAR’S LIEUTENANTS.
1. T. Attius Labienus.	[648]
2. Publius Lucinius Crassus.	[648]
3. L. Arunculeius Cotta.	[649]
4. Quintus Titurius Sabinus.	[649]
5. Q. Pedius.	[649]
6. Servius Sulpicius Galba.	[649]
7. Decimus Junius Brutus.	[650]
8. Publius Sulpicius Rufus.	[651]
9. Lucius Munatius Plancus.	[652]
10. Marcus Licinius Crassus.	[652]
11. Caius Fabius.	[653]
12. L. Roscius.	[653]
13. Titus Sextius.	[653]
14. Q. Tullius Cicero.	[654]
15. Caius Trebonius.	[655]
16. Minucius Basilus.	[656]
17. C. Antistius Reginus.	[656]
18. M. Silanus.	[656]
19. C. Caninius Rebilus.	[656]
20. M. Sempronius Rutilus.	[657]
21. Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony).	[657]
22. Publius Vatinius.	[657]
28. Q. Fufius Calenus.	[658]
24. L. Cæsar.	[658]

LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME II.

PAGE
1. General Map of Gaul	[15]
2. General Map of the Peoples of Gaul in the Time of Cæsar	[23]
3. Course of the Rhone, from Geneva to the Pas de l’Ecluse	[54]
4. General Map of the Campaign of the Year 696	[60]
5. Plan of the Field of Battle of the Helvetii	[78]
6. Plan of the Field of Battle of Ariovistus	[97]
7. General Map of the Campaign of the Year 697	[107]
8. Plan of the Field of Battle of the Aisne	[110]
9. Camp of Cæsar on the Aisne	[111]
10. Plan of the Field of Battle of the Sambre	[121]
11. Plan of the Oppidum of the Aduatuci	[129]
12. Map of the Campaign against the Veneti	[137]
13. Expedition of Sabinus to the Unelli	[145]
14. General Map of the Campaign of the Year 699	[153]
15. Bridge of Piles built on the Rhine	[162]
16. Map of Britain for the Two Expeditions	[175]
17. Plan of Dover	[176]
18. Plan of Aduatuca	[231]
19. General Map of the Campaign of the Year 702	[277]
20. Plan of Avaricum	[288]
21. Plan of Gergovia	[304]
22. Camp of Cæsar at Gergovia	[307]
23. Map of the Campaign of Labienus at Lutetia	[325]
24. Plan of the Field of Battle of the Vingeanne	[334]
25. Plan of Alesia	[340]
26. Views of Mont Auxois	[343]
27. Details of the Roman Works at Alesia	[345]
28. Idem	[346]
29. Map of the Campaign against the Bellovaci	[370]
30. Camp of Cæsar at Mont Saint-Pierre	[372]
31. Plan of Uxellodunum	[384]
32. Details of the Roman Works at Uxellodunum	[390]