We trust, therefore, that the work (however imperfect), bearing in mind the importance of the subject, will be acceptable to general readers, as well as to those for whose requirements it has been prepared.
The rapid progress made in the introduction of new apparatus of acknowledged superiority has rendered the publication of some description absolutely necessary. The Report of the Jurors for Class XIII. of the International Exhibition, 1862, on Meteorological Instruments, fully bears out our assertion, as shown by the following extract:—
“The progress in the English department has been very great;—in barometers, thermometers, anemometers, and in every class of instruments. At the close of the Exhibition of 1851, there seemed to have arisen a general anxiety among the majority of makers to pay every attention to all the essentials necessary for philosophical instruments, not only in their old forms, but also with the view of obtaining other and better forms. This desire has never ceased; and no better idea can be given of the continued activity in these respects, than the number of patents taken out for improvements in meteorological instruments in the interval between the recent and preceding exhibitions, which amount to no less than forty-two.” * * * “In addition to numerous improvements patented by Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, there is another of great importance, which they did not patent, viz. enamelling the tubes of thermometers, enabling the makers to use finer threads of mercury in the construction of all thermometers; for the contrast between the opaque mercury and the enamel back of the tubes is so great, that the finest bore or thread of mercury, which at one time could not be seen without the greatest difficulty, is now seen with facility; and throughout the British and Foreign departments, the makers have availed themselves of this invention, the tubes of all being made with enamelled backs. It is to be hoped that the recent exhibition will give a fresh stimulus to the desire of improvement, and that the same rate of progress will be continued.”
To fulfil the desire of the International Jury in the latter portion of the above extract will be the constant study of
NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA.
1st January, 1864.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
| [CHAPTER I.] | |
| Instruments for Ascertaining the Atmospheric Pressure. | |
| SECTION | |
| 1. | Principle of the Barometer. |
| 2. | Construction of Barometers. |
| 3. | Fortin’s Barometer Cistern. |
| 4. | Standard Barometer. |
| 5. | Correction due to Capillarity. |
| 6. | " " Temperature. |
| 7. | " " Height. |
| 8. | The Barometer Vernier. |
| 9. | Self-compensating Standard Barometer. |
| 10. | Barometer with Electrical Adjustment. |
| 11. | Pediment Barometers. |
| 12. | The Words on the Scale. |
| 13. | Correction due to Capacity of Cistern. |
| 14. | Public Barometers. |
| 15. | Fishery or Sea-Coast Barometers. |
| 16. | Admiral FitzRoy’s Words for the Scale. |
| 17. | Instructions for Sea-coast Barometer. |
| 18. | French Sea-coast Barometer. |
| 19. | Common Marine Barometer. |
| 20. | The Kew Marine Barometer. |
| 21. | Method of verifying Barometers. |
| 22. | FitzRoy’s Marine Barometer. |
| 23. | Words for its Scale. |
| 24. | Trials of this Barometer under Gun-fire. |
| 25. | Negretti and Zambra’s Farmer’s Barometer andDomestic Weather-Glass. |
| 26. | Rules for Foretelling the Weather. |
| 27. | Causes which may bring about a Fall or a Rise in the Barometer. |
| 28. | Use of the Barometer in the Management of Mines. |
| 29. | Use of the Barometer in estimating the Height of Tides. |
| [CHAPTER II.] | |
| Syphon Tube Barometers. | |
| 30. | Principle of. |
| 31. | Dial, or Wheel, Barometers. |
| 32. | Standard Syphon Barometer. |
| [CHAPTER III.] | |
| Barographs, or Self-Registering Barometers. | |
| 33. | Milne’s Self-Registering Barometer. |
| 34. | Modification of Milne’s Barometer. |
| 35. | King’s Self-Registering Barometer. |
| 36. | Syphon, with Photographic Registration. |
| [CHAPTER IV.] | |
| Mountain Barometers. | |
| 37. | Gay Lussac’s Mountain Barometer. |
| 38. | Fortin’s Mountain Barometer. |
| 39. | Newman’s Mountain Barometer. |
| 40. | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Mountain and other Barometers. |
| 41. | Short Tube Barometer. |
| 42. | Method of Calculating Heights by the Barometer; Tables and Examples. |
| [CHAPTER V.] | |
| Secondary Barometers. | |
| 43. | Desirability of Magnifying the Barometer Range. |
| 44. | Howson’s Long-Range Barometer. |
| 45. | McNeil’s Long-Range Barometer. |
| 46. | The Water-glass Barometer. |
| 47. | Sympiesometers. |
| 48. | Aneroids. |
| 49. | Small Size Aneroids. |
| 50. | Watch Aneroid. |
| 51. | Measurement of Heights by the Aneroid; Example. |
| 52. | Metallic Barometer. |
| [CHAPTER VI.] | |
| Instruments for Ascertaining Temperature. | |
| 53. | Temperature. |
| 54. | Thermometric Substances. |
| 55. | Description of the Thermometer. |
| 56. | Standard Thermometer. |
| 57. | Method of ascertaining the exact Boiling Temperature; Tables, &c. |
| 58. | Displacement of the Freezing Point. |
| 59. | The Scale. |
| 60. | The method of testing Thermometers. |
| 61. | Porcelain Scale-Plates. |
| 62. | Enamelled Tubes. |
| 63. | Thermometers of Extreme Sensitiveness. |
| 64. | Varieties of Thermometers. |
| 65. | Superheated Steam Thermometer. |
| 66. | Thermometer for Sugar Boiling. |
| 67. | Earth Thermometer. |
| 68. | Marine Thermometer. |
| [CHAPTER VII.] | |
| Self-registering Thermometers. | |
| 69. | Importance of. |
| 70. | Rutherford’s Maximum Thermometer. |
| 71. | Phillips’s ditto ditto. |
| 72. | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Maximum Thermometer. |
| 73. | Rutherford’s Alcohol Minimum Thermometer. |
| 74. | Horticultural Minimum Thermometer. |
| 75. | Baudin’s Alcohol Minimum Thermometer. |
| 76. | Mercurial Minima Thermometers desirable. |
| 77. | Negretti and Zambra’s Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer. |
| 78. | Negretti and Zambra’s Second Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer. |
| 79. | Casella’s Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer. |
| 80. | Day and Night Thermometer. |
| 81. | Sixe’s Self-registering Thermometer. |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] | |
| Radiation Thermometers. | |
| 82. | Solar and Terrestrial Radiation considered. |
| 83. | Solar Radiation Thermometer. |
| 84. | Vacuum Solar Radiation Thermometer. |
| 85. | Terrestrial Radiation Thermometer. |
| 86. | Æthrioscope. |
| 87. | Pyrheliometer. |
| 88. | Actinometer. |
| [CHAPTER IX.] | |
| Deep-Sea Thermometers. | |
| 89. | On Sixe’s Principle. |
| 90. | Johnson’s Metallic Thermometer. |
| [CHAPTER X.] | |
| Boiling-Point Thermometers. | |
| 91. | Ebullition. |
| 92. | Relation between Boiling-Point and Elevation. |
| 93. | Hypsometric Apparatus. |
| 94. | Precautions to ensure Correct Graduation. |
| 95. | Method of Calculating Heights from Observations with the Mountain Thermometer; Example. |
| 96. | Thermometers for Engineers. |
| [CHAPTER XI.] | |
| Instruments for Ascertaining the Humidity of the Air. | |
| 97. | Hygrometric Substances. |
| 98. | Saussure’s Hygrometer. |
| 99. | Dew-Point. |
| 100. | Drosometer. |
| 101. | Humidity. |
| 102. | Leslie’s Hygrometer. |
| 103. | Daniel’s Hygrometer. |
| 104. | Regnault’s Condenser Hygrometer. |
| 105. | Temperature of Evaporation. |
| 106. | Mason’s Hygrometer. |
| 107. | Self-registering Hygrometer. |
| 108. | Causes of Dew. |
| 109. | Plan of Exposing Thermometers. |
| [CHAPTER XII.] | |
| Instruments used for Measuring the Rainfall. | |
| 110. | Howard’s Rain-Gauge. |
| 111. | Glaisher’s Rain-Gauge. |
| 112. | Rain-Gauge with Float. |
| 113. | Rain-Gauge with Side Tube. |
| 114. | FitzRoy’s Rain-Gauge. |
| 115. | Self-Registering Rain-Gauge. |
| 116. | The principle of Measurement. |
| 117. | Position for Rain-gauge, &c. |
| 118. | Cause of Rain. |
| 119. | Laws of Rainfall. |
| 120. | Utility of Statistics of Rainfall. |
| 121. | New Form of Rain-gauge. |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] | |
| Apparatus employed for Registering the Direction, Pressure, and Velocity of the Wind. | |
| 122. | The Vane. |
| 123. | Lind’s Wind-Gauge. |
| 124. | Harris’s Wind-Gauge. |
| 125. | Robinson’s Anemometer. |
| 126. | Whewell’s Anemometer. |
| 127. | Osler’s Anemometer and Pluviometer. |
| 128. | Beckley’s Anemometer. |
| 129. | Self-Registering Wind-Gauge. |
| 130. | Anemometric Observations. |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] | |
| Instruments for Investigating Atmospheric Electricity. | |
| 131. | Atmospheric Electroscope. |
| 132. | Volta’s Electrometer. |
| 133. | Peltier’s Electrometer. |
| 134. | Bohnenberger’s Electroscope. |
| 135. | Thomson’s Electrometer. |
| 136. | Fundamental Facts. |
| 137. | Lightning Conductors. |
| 138. | Precautions against Lightning. |
| [CHAPTER XV.] | |
| Ozone and its Indicators. | |
| 139. | Nature of Ozone. |
| 140. | Schonbein’s Ozonometer. |
| 141. | Moffat’s Ozonometer. |
| 142. | Clark’s Ozone Cage. |
| 143. | Distribution and Effects of Ozone. |
| 144. | Lancaster’s Registering Ozonometer. |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] | |
| Miscellaneous Instruments. | |
| 145. | Chemical Weather Glass. |
| 146. | Leslie’s Differential Thermometer. |
| 147. | Romford’s Differential Thermometer. |
| 148. | Glaisher’s Thermometer Stand. |
| 149. | Thermometer Screen, for use at Sea. |
| 150. | Anemoscope. |
| 151. | Evaporating Dish, or Gauge. |
| 152. | Admidometer. |
| 153. | Cloud Reflector. |
| 154. | Sunshine Recorder. |
| 155. | Set of Portable Instruments. |
| 156. | Implements. |
| 157. | Hydrometer. |
| 158. | Newman’s Self-Registering Tide-Gauge. |