Among the recent works which support the thesis of the exclusive or predominant influence of race, I must mention Le Bon, Les lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples, Paris, 1894. This work is, however, very superficial. I refer the reader for a more thorough examination of these two theses to Chap. IV of my book Omicidio nell' anthropologia criminale, Turin, 1894.
[39] I use the expression "mercantile ethics," which Letourneau used in his book on the Evolution of Ethics (L'évolution de la morale), Paris, 1887. In his scientific study of the facts relating to ethics, Letourneau has distinguished four phases: animal ethics—savage ethics—barbarous ethics—mercantile (or bourgeois) ethics; these phases will be followed by a higher phase of ethics which Malon has called social ethics.
[40] Some persons, still imbued with political (Jacobin) artificiality, think that in order to solve the social question it will be necessary to generalize the system of métayage. They imagine, then—though they do not say so—a royal or presidential decree: "Art. 1. Let all men become métayers!"
And it does not occur to them that if métayage, which was the rule, has become a less and less frequent exception, this must be the necessary result of natural causes.
The cause of the transformation is to be found in the fact that métayage represents (is a form typical of) petty agricultural industry, and that it is unable to compete with modern agricultural industry organized on a large scale and well equipped with machinery, just as handicrafts have not been able to endure competition with modern manufacturing industry. It is true that there still are to-day some handicraft industries in a few villages, but these are rudimentary organs which merely represent an anterior phase (of production), and which no longer have any important function in the economic world. They are, like the rudimentary organs of the higher species of animals, according to the theory of Darwin, permanent witnesses of past epochs.
The same Darwinian and economic law applies to métayage, which is also evidently destined to the same fate as handicrafts.
Conf. the excellent propagandist pamphlet of Biel, Ai contadini toscani, Colle d' Elsa, 1894.
[41] Henry George, Progress and Poverty, New York, 1898. Doubleday & McClure Co.
[42] L. Jacoby, L'Idea dell' evoluzione, in Bibliotheca dell' economista, série III, vol. IX, 2d part, p. 69.
[43] At the death of Darwin the Sozialdemokrat of the 27th of April, 1882, wrote: "The proletariat who are struggling for their emancipation will ever honor the memory of Charles Darwin."