[Preface]ix
[Authorities]xi
[Introduction]1
ChapterI.[Preliminaries]9
"II.[The Leaders on Both Sides]23
"III.[The Siege of Manchester]37
"IV.[First Operations of the Manchester Garrison]53
"V.[The Crisis. January-June, 1643]67
"VI.[Remaining Events of 1643: and the First Siege of Lathom House]89
"VII.[Prince Rupert in Lancashire]115
"VIII.[End of the First Civil War]135
"IX.[The Second Civil War: Battle of Preston]159
"X.[The Last Stand: Battle of Wigan Lane: Trial and Death of the Earl of Derby]177
[Index]205

[MAPS AND PLANS]

Map.[Lancashire, to illustrate the Civil War].Frontispiece
Plans in Text.
I.[Manchester and Salford in 1650]see page 43
(Reproduced from Owens College Historical Essays, p. 383).
II.[The Spanish Ship in the Fylde, March, 1642‑3]see page 72
III.[The Battle of Whalley, April, 1643]see page 82
IV.[Liverpool in 1650]see page 128
(Reproduced from Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashireand Cheshire, Session 6, 1853‑4, Vol. 6, p. 4).
V.[The Campaign of Preston, 1648]see page 164
VI.[The Campaign of Wigan Lane, 165]1see page 191

[PREFACE]

There has not hitherto been a separate History of the Civil War in Lancashire, and I venture to think that the present study, by a native of the County, may suitably find a place in the publications of the University of Manchester. It is merely intended to be an account of the Civil War within the borders of the County, religious and social questions and the general course of the war being touched on only so much as is necessary to make the narrative intelligible. The principal sources of information are detailed below, and need not be further referred to here. It only remains to be said that some care has been taken with topography, and above all I have tried to give an impartial narrative of the events. Contemporary writers on both sides naturally display much prejudice, and it is often difficult to arrive at an exact knowledge of the facts.

The plan of Manchester is taken from the Owens College Historical Essays (1902) and my acknowledgments are due to Messrs. Longman & Co. for permission to reproduce it here. The plan of Liverpool is reprinted from Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Session 6, 1853‑4, vol. 6, p. 4. The map of Lancashire, and the other plans, have been specially prepared for the present volume, but the plan of the Preston Campaign in 1648 is based on that given in Gardiner's "Great Civil War," vol. 3, p. 431.

I take this opportunity of thanking the authorities at Lathom House, Hornby Castle, Thurland Castle, and elsewhere, for their courtesy in allowing a personal inspection of those places to be made. My sincere thanks are due to Professor T. F. Tout and Professor James Tait of Manchester, for constant assistance. I share the gratitude felt by so many of their old pupils for their keen and practical interest in the work to which their teaching was the first incentive. Professor Tout's advice has been of great service in preparing this book for the press.

But especially I am indebted to Professor C. H. Firth of Oxford. It was really at his suggestion that the present work was begun nearly four years ago, and he has at all times since been ready to give invaluable help with the utmost kindness. Without his suggestion and help the task would probably not have been accomplished.